Amending Potassic Fertilizer with Charcoal and Sago (<i>Metroxylon sagu</i>) Bark Ash to Improve Potassium Availability in a Tropical Acid Soil

In Ultisols and Oxisols, potassium (K) in the soil solution is leached from the rhizosphere before it interacts with soil colloids, or exchanged with other cations at the exchange sites of the soils because of the abundance of kaolinite clay minerals. These soils are highly weathered, low in organic...

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Autores principales:	Puvan Paramisparam, Osumanu Haruna Ahmed, Latifah Omar, Huck Ywih Ch’ng, Ali Maru, Prisca Divra Johan
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	kaolinite adsorption chelation neutralizing compounds exchange sites functional groups Agriculture S
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f82095c43c824081a9b38aeced7ef314
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f82095c43c824081a9b38aeced7ef3142021-11-25T16:07:20ZAmending Potassic Fertilizer with Charcoal and Sago (<i>Metroxylon sagu</i>) Bark Ash to Improve Potassium Availability in a Tropical Acid Soil10.3390/agronomy111122222073-4395https://doaj.org/article/f82095c43c824081a9b38aeced7ef3142021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/11/2222https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395In Ultisols and Oxisols, potassium (K) in the soil solution is leached from the rhizosphere before it interacts with soil colloids, or exchanged with other cations at the exchange sites of the soils because of the abundance of kaolinite clay minerals. These soils are highly weathered, low in organic matter, and low in pH, but high aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) ions. Hence, K becomes unavailable for plants, and this compromises crop production and farmers’ profitability. The pH neutralizing effects of sago (<i>Metroxylon sagu</i>) bark ash and the ability of charcoal to chelate Al and Fe could be utilized to improve soil pH, reduce soil acidity, and improve K availability. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of amending muriate of potash (MOP) with charcoal and sago bark ash on selected soil chemical properties in a tropical acid soil (<i>Typic Paleudults</i>) over 90 days in a laboratory incubation. The proportions of charcoal and sago bark ash were varied at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, but the MOP was fixed at 100% of the recommended rate. Selected soil chemical properties before and after incubation were determined using standard procedures. Results revealed that co-application of the soil amendments with MOP increased soil-exchangeable K compared with conventional practice. Moreover, amending the acid soil with charcoal and sago bark ash positively enhanced the availability of other base cations and soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). This was possible because the amendments increased soil pH and reduced exchangeable acidity, exchangeable Al<sup>3+</sup>, and exchangeable Fe<sup>2+</sup>. However, there was no significant improvement in water-soluble K (WSK) in the soil with or without charcoal and sago bark over the 90 days laboratory study. The findings of this study suggested that increasing soil pH could potentially improve soil K sorption capacity. Thus, the optimum rates of charcoal and sago bark ash to increase K availability were found to be 80% charcoal with 80% sago bark ash, 60% charcoal with 60% sago bark ash, and 80% charcoal with 40% sago bark ash, because these rates improved soil-exchangeable K<sup>+</sup> and CEC significantly, besides minimizing soil-exchangeable acidity.Puvan ParamisparamOsumanu Haruna AhmedLatifah OmarHuck Ywih Ch’ngAli MaruPrisca Divra JohanMDPI AGarticlekaoliniteadsorptionchelationneutralizing compoundsexchange sitesfunctional groupsAgricultureSENAgronomy, Vol 11, Iss 2222, p 2222 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	kaolinite adsorption chelation neutralizing compounds exchange sites functional groups Agriculture S
spellingShingle	kaolinite adsorption chelation neutralizing compounds exchange sites functional groups Agriculture S Puvan Paramisparam Osumanu Haruna Ahmed Latifah Omar Huck Ywih Ch’ng Ali Maru Prisca Divra Johan Amending Potassic Fertilizer with Charcoal and Sago (<i>Metroxylon sagu</i>) Bark Ash to Improve Potassium Availability in a Tropical Acid Soil
description	In Ultisols and Oxisols, potassium (K) in the soil solution is leached from the rhizosphere before it interacts with soil colloids, or exchanged with other cations at the exchange sites of the soils because of the abundance of kaolinite clay minerals. These soils are highly weathered, low in organic matter, and low in pH, but high aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) ions. Hence, K becomes unavailable for plants, and this compromises crop production and farmers’ profitability. The pH neutralizing effects of sago (<i>Metroxylon sagu</i>) bark ash and the ability of charcoal to chelate Al and Fe could be utilized to improve soil pH, reduce soil acidity, and improve K availability. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of amending muriate of potash (MOP) with charcoal and sago bark ash on selected soil chemical properties in a tropical acid soil (<i>Typic Paleudults</i>) over 90 days in a laboratory incubation. The proportions of charcoal and sago bark ash were varied at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, but the MOP was fixed at 100% of the recommended rate. Selected soil chemical properties before and after incubation were determined using standard procedures. Results revealed that co-application of the soil amendments with MOP increased soil-exchangeable K compared with conventional practice. Moreover, amending the acid soil with charcoal and sago bark ash positively enhanced the availability of other base cations and soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). This was possible because the amendments increased soil pH and reduced exchangeable acidity, exchangeable Al<sup>3+</sup>, and exchangeable Fe<sup>2+</sup>. However, there was no significant improvement in water-soluble K (WSK) in the soil with or without charcoal and sago bark over the 90 days laboratory study. The findings of this study suggested that increasing soil pH could potentially improve soil K sorption capacity. Thus, the optimum rates of charcoal and sago bark ash to increase K availability were found to be 80% charcoal with 80% sago bark ash, 60% charcoal with 60% sago bark ash, and 80% charcoal with 40% sago bark ash, because these rates improved soil-exchangeable K<sup>+</sup> and CEC significantly, besides minimizing soil-exchangeable acidity.
format	article
author	Puvan Paramisparam Osumanu Haruna Ahmed Latifah Omar Huck Ywih Ch’ng Ali Maru Prisca Divra Johan
author_facet	Puvan Paramisparam Osumanu Haruna Ahmed Latifah Omar Huck Ywih Ch’ng Ali Maru Prisca Divra Johan
author_sort	Puvan Paramisparam
title	Amending Potassic Fertilizer with Charcoal and Sago (<i>Metroxylon sagu</i>) Bark Ash to Improve Potassium Availability in a Tropical Acid Soil
title_short	Amending Potassic Fertilizer with Charcoal and Sago (<i>Metroxylon sagu</i>) Bark Ash to Improve Potassium Availability in a Tropical Acid Soil
title_full	Amending Potassic Fertilizer with Charcoal and Sago (<i>Metroxylon sagu</i>) Bark Ash to Improve Potassium Availability in a Tropical Acid Soil
title_fullStr	Amending Potassic Fertilizer with Charcoal and Sago (<i>Metroxylon sagu</i>) Bark Ash to Improve Potassium Availability in a Tropical Acid Soil
title_full_unstemmed	Amending Potassic Fertilizer with Charcoal and Sago (<i>Metroxylon sagu</i>) Bark Ash to Improve Potassium Availability in a Tropical Acid Soil
title_sort	amending potassic fertilizer with charcoal and sago (<i>metroxylon sagu</i>) bark ash to improve potassium availability in a tropical acid soil
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f82095c43c824081a9b38aeced7ef314
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Amending Potassic Fertilizer with Charcoal and Sago (<i>Metroxylon sagu</i>) Bark Ash to Improve Potassium Availability in a Tropical Acid Soil

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