Differential growth and development of the upper and lower human thorax.

The difficulties in quantifying the 3D form and spatial relationships of the skeletal components of the ribcage present a barrier to studies of the growth of the thoracic skeleton. Thus, most studies to date have relied on traditional measurements such as distances and indices from single or few rib...

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Autores principales:	Markus Bastir, Daniel García Martínez, Wolfgang Recheis, Alon Barash, Michael Coquerelle, Luis Rios, Angel Peña-Melián, Francisco García Río, Paul O'Higgins
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2013
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f840b6c4262d4612a2796515d8e48a32
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f840b6c4262d4612a2796515d8e48a322021-11-18T08:54:22ZDifferential growth and development of the upper and lower human thorax.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0075128https://doaj.org/article/f840b6c4262d4612a2796515d8e48a322013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24073239/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203The difficulties in quantifying the 3D form and spatial relationships of the skeletal components of the ribcage present a barrier to studies of the growth of the thoracic skeleton. Thus, most studies to date have relied on traditional measurements such as distances and indices from single or few ribs. It is currently known that adult-like thoracic shape is achieved early, by the end of the second postnatal year, with the circular cross-section of the newborn thorax transforming into the ovoid shape of adults; and that the ribs become inclined such that their anterior borders come to lie inferior to their posterior. Here we present a study that revisits growth changes using geometric morphometrics applied to extensive landmark data taken from the ribcage. We digitized 402 (semi) landmarks on 3D reconstructions to assess growth changes in 27 computed tomography-scanned modern humans representing newborns to adults of both sexes. Our analyses show a curved ontogenetic trajectory, resulting from different ontogenetic growth allometries of upper and lower thoracic units. Adult thoracic morphology is achieved later than predicted, by diverse modifications in different anatomical regions during different ontogenetic stages. Besides a marked increase in antero-posterior dimensions, there is an increase in medio-lateral dimensions of the upper thorax, relative to the lower thorax. This transforms the pyramidal infant thorax into the barrel-shaped one of adults. Rib descent is produced by complex changes in 3D curvature. Developmental differences between upper and lower thoracic regions relate to differential timings and rates of maturation of the respiratory and digestive systems, the spine and the locomotor system. Our findings are relevant to understanding how changes in the relative rates of growth of these systems and structures impacted on the development and evolution of modern human body shape.Markus BastirDaniel García MartínezWolfgang RecheisAlon BarashMichael CoquerelleLuis RiosAngel Peña-MeliánFrancisco García RíoPaul O'HigginsPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 9, p e75128 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Markus Bastir Daniel García Martínez Wolfgang Recheis Alon Barash Michael Coquerelle Luis Rios Angel Peña-Melián Francisco García Río Paul O'Higgins Differential growth and development of the upper and lower human thorax.
description	The difficulties in quantifying the 3D form and spatial relationships of the skeletal components of the ribcage present a barrier to studies of the growth of the thoracic skeleton. Thus, most studies to date have relied on traditional measurements such as distances and indices from single or few ribs. It is currently known that adult-like thoracic shape is achieved early, by the end of the second postnatal year, with the circular cross-section of the newborn thorax transforming into the ovoid shape of adults; and that the ribs become inclined such that their anterior borders come to lie inferior to their posterior. Here we present a study that revisits growth changes using geometric morphometrics applied to extensive landmark data taken from the ribcage. We digitized 402 (semi) landmarks on 3D reconstructions to assess growth changes in 27 computed tomography-scanned modern humans representing newborns to adults of both sexes. Our analyses show a curved ontogenetic trajectory, resulting from different ontogenetic growth allometries of upper and lower thoracic units. Adult thoracic morphology is achieved later than predicted, by diverse modifications in different anatomical regions during different ontogenetic stages. Besides a marked increase in antero-posterior dimensions, there is an increase in medio-lateral dimensions of the upper thorax, relative to the lower thorax. This transforms the pyramidal infant thorax into the barrel-shaped one of adults. Rib descent is produced by complex changes in 3D curvature. Developmental differences between upper and lower thoracic regions relate to differential timings and rates of maturation of the respiratory and digestive systems, the spine and the locomotor system. Our findings are relevant to understanding how changes in the relative rates of growth of these systems and structures impacted on the development and evolution of modern human body shape.
format	article
author	Markus Bastir Daniel García Martínez Wolfgang Recheis Alon Barash Michael Coquerelle Luis Rios Angel Peña-Melián Francisco García Río Paul O'Higgins
author_facet	Markus Bastir Daniel García Martínez Wolfgang Recheis Alon Barash Michael Coquerelle Luis Rios Angel Peña-Melián Francisco García Río Paul O'Higgins
author_sort	Markus Bastir
title	Differential growth and development of the upper and lower human thorax.
title_short	Differential growth and development of the upper and lower human thorax.
title_full	Differential growth and development of the upper and lower human thorax.
title_fullStr	Differential growth and development of the upper and lower human thorax.
title_full_unstemmed	Differential growth and development of the upper and lower human thorax.
title_sort	differential growth and development of the upper and lower human thorax.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/f840b6c4262d4612a2796515d8e48a32
work_keys_str_mv	AT markusbastir differentialgrowthanddevelopmentoftheupperandlowerhumanthorax AT danielgarciamartinez differentialgrowthanddevelopmentoftheupperandlowerhumanthorax AT wolfgangrecheis differentialgrowthanddevelopmentoftheupperandlowerhumanthorax AT alonbarash differentialgrowthanddevelopmentoftheupperandlowerhumanthorax AT michaelcoquerelle differentialgrowthanddevelopmentoftheupperandlowerhumanthorax AT luisrios differentialgrowthanddevelopmentoftheupperandlowerhumanthorax AT angelpenamelian differentialgrowthanddevelopmentoftheupperandlowerhumanthorax AT franciscogarciario differentialgrowthanddevelopmentoftheupperandlowerhumanthorax AT paulohiggins differentialgrowthanddevelopmentoftheupperandlowerhumanthorax
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Differential growth and development of the upper and lower human thorax.

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