Long-lasting effects of maternal condition in free-ranging cervids.

Causes of phenotypic variation are fundamental to evolutionary ecology because they influence the traits acted upon by natural selection. One such cause of phenotypic variation is a maternal effect, which is the influence of the environment experienced by a female (and her corresponding phenotype) o...

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Autores principales:	Eric D Freeman, Randy T Larsen, Ken Clegg, Brock R McMillan
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2013
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f8c6c8ab8b1e41678afb0c804efc7ace
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f8c6c8ab8b1e41678afb0c804efc7ace2021-11-18T07:54:48ZLong-lasting effects of maternal condition in free-ranging cervids.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0058373https://doaj.org/article/f8c6c8ab8b1e41678afb0c804efc7ace2013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23472189/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Causes of phenotypic variation are fundamental to evolutionary ecology because they influence the traits acted upon by natural selection. One such cause of phenotypic variation is a maternal effect, which is the influence of the environment experienced by a female (and her corresponding phenotype) on the phenotype of her offspring (independent of the offspring's genotype). While maternal effects are well documented, the longevity and fitness impact of these effects remains unclear because it is difficult to follow free-living individuals through their reproductive lifetimes. For long-lived species, it has been suggested that maternal effects are masked by environmental variables acting on offspring in years following the period of dependence. Our objective was to use indirect measures of maternal condition to determine if maternal effects have long-lasting influences on male offspring in two species of cervid. Because antlers are sexually selected, we used measures of antler size at time of death, 1.5-21.5 years after gestation to investigate maternal effects. We quantified antler size of 11,000 male elk and mule deer born throughout the intermountain western US (6 states) over nearly 30 years. Maternal condition during development was estimated indirectly using a suite of abiotic variables known to influence condition of cervids (i.e., winter severity, spring and summer temperature, and spring and summer precipitation). Antler size of male cervids was significantly associated with our indirect measure of maternal condition during gestation and lactation. Assuming the correctness of our indirect measure, our findings demonstrate that antler size is a sexually selected trait that is influenced-into adulthood-by maternal condition. This link emphasizes the importance of considering inherited environmental effects when interpreting population dynamics or examining reproductive success of long-lived organisms.Eric D FreemanRandy T LarsenKen CleggBrock R McMillanPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 3, p e58373 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Eric D Freeman Randy T Larsen Ken Clegg Brock R McMillan Long-lasting effects of maternal condition in free-ranging cervids.
description	Causes of phenotypic variation are fundamental to evolutionary ecology because they influence the traits acted upon by natural selection. One such cause of phenotypic variation is a maternal effect, which is the influence of the environment experienced by a female (and her corresponding phenotype) on the phenotype of her offspring (independent of the offspring's genotype). While maternal effects are well documented, the longevity and fitness impact of these effects remains unclear because it is difficult to follow free-living individuals through their reproductive lifetimes. For long-lived species, it has been suggested that maternal effects are masked by environmental variables acting on offspring in years following the period of dependence. Our objective was to use indirect measures of maternal condition to determine if maternal effects have long-lasting influences on male offspring in two species of cervid. Because antlers are sexually selected, we used measures of antler size at time of death, 1.5-21.5 years after gestation to investigate maternal effects. We quantified antler size of 11,000 male elk and mule deer born throughout the intermountain western US (6 states) over nearly 30 years. Maternal condition during development was estimated indirectly using a suite of abiotic variables known to influence condition of cervids (i.e., winter severity, spring and summer temperature, and spring and summer precipitation). Antler size of male cervids was significantly associated with our indirect measure of maternal condition during gestation and lactation. Assuming the correctness of our indirect measure, our findings demonstrate that antler size is a sexually selected trait that is influenced-into adulthood-by maternal condition. This link emphasizes the importance of considering inherited environmental effects when interpreting population dynamics or examining reproductive success of long-lived organisms.
format	article
author	Eric D Freeman Randy T Larsen Ken Clegg Brock R McMillan
author_facet	Eric D Freeman Randy T Larsen Ken Clegg Brock R McMillan
author_sort	Eric D Freeman
title	Long-lasting effects of maternal condition in free-ranging cervids.
title_short	Long-lasting effects of maternal condition in free-ranging cervids.
title_full	Long-lasting effects of maternal condition in free-ranging cervids.
title_fullStr	Long-lasting effects of maternal condition in free-ranging cervids.
title_full_unstemmed	Long-lasting effects of maternal condition in free-ranging cervids.
title_sort	long-lasting effects of maternal condition in free-ranging cervids.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/f8c6c8ab8b1e41678afb0c804efc7ace
work_keys_str_mv	AT ericdfreeman longlastingeffectsofmaternalconditioninfreerangingcervids AT randytlarsen longlastingeffectsofmaternalconditioninfreerangingcervids AT kenclegg longlastingeffectsofmaternalconditioninfreerangingcervids AT brockrmcmillan longlastingeffectsofmaternalconditioninfreerangingcervids
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Long-lasting effects of maternal condition in free-ranging cervids.

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