Large sex differences in chicken behavior and brain gene expression coincide with few differences in promoter DNA-methylation.

While behavioral sex differences have repeatedly been reported across taxa, the underlying epigenetic mechanisms in the brain are mostly lacking. Birds have previously shown to have only limited dosage compensation, leading to high sex bias of Z-chromosome gene expression. In chickens, a male hyper-...

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Autores principales:	Daniel Nätt, Beatrix Agnvall, Per Jensen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2014
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f8f0c166d8064ee7af76317ae6a64747
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f8f0c166d8064ee7af76317ae6a647472021-11-18T08:21:21ZLarge sex differences in chicken behavior and brain gene expression coincide with few differences in promoter DNA-methylation.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0096376https://doaj.org/article/f8f0c166d8064ee7af76317ae6a647472014-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24782041/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203While behavioral sex differences have repeatedly been reported across taxa, the underlying epigenetic mechanisms in the brain are mostly lacking. Birds have previously shown to have only limited dosage compensation, leading to high sex bias of Z-chromosome gene expression. In chickens, a male hyper-methylated region (MHM) on the Z-chromosome has been associated with a local type of dosage compensation, but a more detailed characterization of the avian methylome is limiting our interpretations. Here we report an analysis of genome wide sex differences in promoter DNA-methylation and gene expression in the brain of three weeks old chickens, and associated sex differences in behavior of Red Junglefowl (ancestor of domestic chickens). Combining DNA-methylation tiling arrays with gene expression microarrays we show that a specific locus of the MHM region, together with the promoter for the zinc finger RNA binding protein (ZFR) gene on chromosome 1, is strongly associated with sex dimorphism in gene expression. Except for this, we found few differences in promoter DNA-methylation, even though hundreds of genes were robustly differentially expressed across distantly related breeds. Several of the differentially expressed genes are known to affect behavior, and as suggested from their functional annotation, we found that female Red Junglefowl are more explorative and fearful in a range of tests performed throughout their lives. This paper identifies new sites and, with increased resolution, confirms known sites where DNA-methylation seems to affect sexually dimorphic gene expression, but the general lack of this association is noticeable and strengthens the view that birds do not have dosage compensation.Daniel NättDaniel NättBeatrix AgnvallPer JensenPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 4, p e96376 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Daniel Nätt Daniel Nätt Beatrix Agnvall Per Jensen Large sex differences in chicken behavior and brain gene expression coincide with few differences in promoter DNA-methylation.
description	While behavioral sex differences have repeatedly been reported across taxa, the underlying epigenetic mechanisms in the brain are mostly lacking. Birds have previously shown to have only limited dosage compensation, leading to high sex bias of Z-chromosome gene expression. In chickens, a male hyper-methylated region (MHM) on the Z-chromosome has been associated with a local type of dosage compensation, but a more detailed characterization of the avian methylome is limiting our interpretations. Here we report an analysis of genome wide sex differences in promoter DNA-methylation and gene expression in the brain of three weeks old chickens, and associated sex differences in behavior of Red Junglefowl (ancestor of domestic chickens). Combining DNA-methylation tiling arrays with gene expression microarrays we show that a specific locus of the MHM region, together with the promoter for the zinc finger RNA binding protein (ZFR) gene on chromosome 1, is strongly associated with sex dimorphism in gene expression. Except for this, we found few differences in promoter DNA-methylation, even though hundreds of genes were robustly differentially expressed across distantly related breeds. Several of the differentially expressed genes are known to affect behavior, and as suggested from their functional annotation, we found that female Red Junglefowl are more explorative and fearful in a range of tests performed throughout their lives. This paper identifies new sites and, with increased resolution, confirms known sites where DNA-methylation seems to affect sexually dimorphic gene expression, but the general lack of this association is noticeable and strengthens the view that birds do not have dosage compensation.
format	article
author	Daniel Nätt Daniel Nätt Beatrix Agnvall Per Jensen
author_facet	Daniel Nätt Daniel Nätt Beatrix Agnvall Per Jensen
author_sort	Daniel Nätt
title	Large sex differences in chicken behavior and brain gene expression coincide with few differences in promoter DNA-methylation.
title_short	Large sex differences in chicken behavior and brain gene expression coincide with few differences in promoter DNA-methylation.
title_full	Large sex differences in chicken behavior and brain gene expression coincide with few differences in promoter DNA-methylation.
title_fullStr	Large sex differences in chicken behavior and brain gene expression coincide with few differences in promoter DNA-methylation.
title_full_unstemmed	Large sex differences in chicken behavior and brain gene expression coincide with few differences in promoter DNA-methylation.
title_sort	large sex differences in chicken behavior and brain gene expression coincide with few differences in promoter dna-methylation.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/f8f0c166d8064ee7af76317ae6a64747
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Large sex differences in chicken behavior and brain gene expression coincide with few differences in promoter DNA-methylation.

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