Fecundity of paternal and maternal non-parental female relatives of homosexual and heterosexual men.

A variety of social, developmental, biological and genetic factors influence sexual orientation in males. Thus, several hypotheses have attempted to explain the sustenance of genetic factors that influence male homosexuality, despite decreased fecundity within the homosexuals. Kin selection, the exi...

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Autores principales:	Andrea Camperio Ciani, Elena Pellizzari
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f9050db5186244dd834b61cf5edb6fbd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f9050db5186244dd834b61cf5edb6fbd2021-11-18T08:06:14ZFecundity of paternal and maternal non-parental female relatives of homosexual and heterosexual men.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0051088https://doaj.org/article/f9050db5186244dd834b61cf5edb6fbd2012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23227237/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203A variety of social, developmental, biological and genetic factors influence sexual orientation in males. Thus, several hypotheses have attempted to explain the sustenance of genetic factors that influence male homosexuality, despite decreased fecundity within the homosexuals. Kin selection, the existence of maternal effects and two forms of balancing selection, sexually antagonistic selection and overdominance, have been proposed as compensatory mechanisms for reduced homosexual fecundity. Here, we suggest that the empirical support for kin selection and maternal effects cannot account for the low universal frequency and stability of the distribution of homosexuals. To identify the responsible compensatory mechanism, we analyzed fecundity in 2,100 European female relatives, i.e., aunts and grandmothers, of either homosexual or heterosexual probands who were matched in terms of age, culture and sampling strategy. Female relatives were chosen to avoid the sampling bias of the fraternal birth order effect, which occurs when indirectly sampling mothers though their homosexual sons. We observed that the maternal aunts and grandmothers of homosexual probands were significantly more fecund compared with the maternal aunts and maternal grandmothers of the heterosexual probands. No difference in fecundity was observed in the paternal female lines (grandmothers or aunts) from either of the two proband groups. Moreover, due to the selective increase in maternal female fecundity, the total female fecundity was significantly higher in homosexual than heterosexual probands, thus compensating for the reduced fecundity of homosexuals. Altogether, these data support an X-linked multi-locus sexually antagonistic hypothesis rather than an autosomal multi-locus overdominance hypothesis.Andrea Camperio CianiElena PellizzariPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 12, p e51088 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Andrea Camperio Ciani Elena Pellizzari Fecundity of paternal and maternal non-parental female relatives of homosexual and heterosexual men.
description	A variety of social, developmental, biological and genetic factors influence sexual orientation in males. Thus, several hypotheses have attempted to explain the sustenance of genetic factors that influence male homosexuality, despite decreased fecundity within the homosexuals. Kin selection, the existence of maternal effects and two forms of balancing selection, sexually antagonistic selection and overdominance, have been proposed as compensatory mechanisms for reduced homosexual fecundity. Here, we suggest that the empirical support for kin selection and maternal effects cannot account for the low universal frequency and stability of the distribution of homosexuals. To identify the responsible compensatory mechanism, we analyzed fecundity in 2,100 European female relatives, i.e., aunts and grandmothers, of either homosexual or heterosexual probands who were matched in terms of age, culture and sampling strategy. Female relatives were chosen to avoid the sampling bias of the fraternal birth order effect, which occurs when indirectly sampling mothers though their homosexual sons. We observed that the maternal aunts and grandmothers of homosexual probands were significantly more fecund compared with the maternal aunts and maternal grandmothers of the heterosexual probands. No difference in fecundity was observed in the paternal female lines (grandmothers or aunts) from either of the two proband groups. Moreover, due to the selective increase in maternal female fecundity, the total female fecundity was significantly higher in homosexual than heterosexual probands, thus compensating for the reduced fecundity of homosexuals. Altogether, these data support an X-linked multi-locus sexually antagonistic hypothesis rather than an autosomal multi-locus overdominance hypothesis.
format	article
author	Andrea Camperio Ciani Elena Pellizzari
author_facet	Andrea Camperio Ciani Elena Pellizzari
author_sort	Andrea Camperio Ciani
title	Fecundity of paternal and maternal non-parental female relatives of homosexual and heterosexual men.
title_short	Fecundity of paternal and maternal non-parental female relatives of homosexual and heterosexual men.
title_full	Fecundity of paternal and maternal non-parental female relatives of homosexual and heterosexual men.
title_fullStr	Fecundity of paternal and maternal non-parental female relatives of homosexual and heterosexual men.
title_full_unstemmed	Fecundity of paternal and maternal non-parental female relatives of homosexual and heterosexual men.
title_sort	fecundity of paternal and maternal non-parental female relatives of homosexual and heterosexual men.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/f9050db5186244dd834b61cf5edb6fbd
work_keys_str_mv	AT andreacamperiociani fecundityofpaternalandmaternalnonparentalfemalerelativesofhomosexualandheterosexualmen AT elenapellizzari fecundityofpaternalandmaternalnonparentalfemalerelativesofhomosexualandheterosexualmen
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Fecundity of paternal and maternal non-parental female relatives of homosexual and heterosexual men.

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