Temporal Changes Analysis of Soil Properties Associated with Ganoderma boninense Pat. Infection in Oil Palm Seedlings in a Controlled Environment

Basal stem rot (BSR) disease of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) spreads through the contact of the plant roots with Ganoderma boninense (G. boninense) Pat. inoculum in the soil. The soil properties can be altered by growing seedlings with or without ...

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Autores principales:	Mohd H. A. Aziz, Siti Khairunniza-Bejo, Aimrun Wayayok, Fazirulhisyam Hashim, Naoshi Kondo, Aiman N. N. Azmi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Ganoderma boninense</i> temporal changes soil properties soil moisture content soil electrical conductivity soil temperature Agriculture S
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f92a1f7e5cfd423996e6196a6fcffff4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f92a1f7e5cfd423996e6196a6fcffff42021-11-25T16:10:03ZTemporal Changes Analysis of Soil Properties Associated with <i>Ganoderma boninense</i> Pat. Infection in Oil Palm Seedlings in a Controlled Environment10.3390/agronomy111122792073-4395https://doaj.org/article/f92a1f7e5cfd423996e6196a6fcffff42021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/11/2279https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395Basal stem rot (BSR) disease of oil palm (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i> Jacq.) spreads through the contact of the plant roots with <i>Ganoderma boninense (G. boninense)</i> Pat. inoculum in the soil. The soil properties can be altered by growing seedlings with or without <i>G. boninense</i> inoculum. In the early stage of infection, the symptoms are difficult to detect. Therefore, an understanding of the environmental soil conditions of the plant is crucial in order to indicate the presence of the fungus. This paper presents an analysis of the temporal changes of the soil properties associated with the <i>G. boninense</i> infection in oil palm seedlings. A total of 40 seedlings aged five months were used in the study, comprising 20 inoculated (infected seedlings: IS) and 20 control (healthy seedlings: HS) seedlings. The seedlings were grown in a greenhouse for six months (24 weeks) under a controlled environmental temperature and humidity. The data of the soil moisture content (MC in %), electrical conductivity (EC in µS/cm), and temperature (T in °C) for each seedling were collected daily using three MEC10 soil sensors every hour and then transferred to the ThingSpeak cloud using a 3G Internet connection. Based on the results, the mean MC and EC showed a decreasing trend, while the mean T showed an increasing trend in both HS and IS during the six-month monitoring period. The overall mean in both the monthly and weekly analysis of MC, EC, and T was higher in HS than IS. However, in the monthly analysis, a Student’s <i>t</i>-test at a 5% significance level showed that only the soil MC and EC were significantly different between HS and IS, while in the weekly analysis, HS was significantly different from IS in all parameters. This study suggests that soil MC, EC, and T can be used as indicators of the <i>G. boninense</i> infection, especially for the weekly data.Mohd H. A. AzizSiti Khairunniza-BejoAimrun WayayokFazirulhisyam HashimNaoshi KondoAiman N. N. AzmiMDPI AGarticle<i>Ganoderma boninense</i>temporal changessoil propertiessoil moisture contentsoil electrical conductivitysoil temperatureAgricultureSENAgronomy, Vol 11, Iss 2279, p 2279 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Ganoderma boninense</i> temporal changes soil properties soil moisture content soil electrical conductivity soil temperature Agriculture S
spellingShingle	<i>Ganoderma boninense</i> temporal changes soil properties soil moisture content soil electrical conductivity soil temperature Agriculture S Mohd H. A. Aziz Siti Khairunniza-Bejo Aimrun Wayayok Fazirulhisyam Hashim Naoshi Kondo Aiman N. N. Azmi Temporal Changes Analysis of Soil Properties Associated with <i>Ganoderma boninense</i> Pat. Infection in Oil Palm Seedlings in a Controlled Environment
description	Basal stem rot (BSR) disease of oil palm (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i> Jacq.) spreads through the contact of the plant roots with <i>Ganoderma boninense (G. boninense)</i> Pat. inoculum in the soil. The soil properties can be altered by growing seedlings with or without <i>G. boninense</i> inoculum. In the early stage of infection, the symptoms are difficult to detect. Therefore, an understanding of the environmental soil conditions of the plant is crucial in order to indicate the presence of the fungus. This paper presents an analysis of the temporal changes of the soil properties associated with the <i>G. boninense</i> infection in oil palm seedlings. A total of 40 seedlings aged five months were used in the study, comprising 20 inoculated (infected seedlings: IS) and 20 control (healthy seedlings: HS) seedlings. The seedlings were grown in a greenhouse for six months (24 weeks) under a controlled environmental temperature and humidity. The data of the soil moisture content (MC in %), electrical conductivity (EC in µS/cm), and temperature (T in °C) for each seedling were collected daily using three MEC10 soil sensors every hour and then transferred to the ThingSpeak cloud using a 3G Internet connection. Based on the results, the mean MC and EC showed a decreasing trend, while the mean T showed an increasing trend in both HS and IS during the six-month monitoring period. The overall mean in both the monthly and weekly analysis of MC, EC, and T was higher in HS than IS. However, in the monthly analysis, a Student’s <i>t</i>-test at a 5% significance level showed that only the soil MC and EC were significantly different between HS and IS, while in the weekly analysis, HS was significantly different from IS in all parameters. This study suggests that soil MC, EC, and T can be used as indicators of the <i>G. boninense</i> infection, especially for the weekly data.
format	article
author	Mohd H. A. Aziz Siti Khairunniza-Bejo Aimrun Wayayok Fazirulhisyam Hashim Naoshi Kondo Aiman N. N. Azmi
author_facet	Mohd H. A. Aziz Siti Khairunniza-Bejo Aimrun Wayayok Fazirulhisyam Hashim Naoshi Kondo Aiman N. N. Azmi
author_sort	Mohd H. A. Aziz
title	Temporal Changes Analysis of Soil Properties Associated with <i>Ganoderma boninense</i> Pat. Infection in Oil Palm Seedlings in a Controlled Environment
title_short	Temporal Changes Analysis of Soil Properties Associated with <i>Ganoderma boninense</i> Pat. Infection in Oil Palm Seedlings in a Controlled Environment
title_full	Temporal Changes Analysis of Soil Properties Associated with <i>Ganoderma boninense</i> Pat. Infection in Oil Palm Seedlings in a Controlled Environment
title_fullStr	Temporal Changes Analysis of Soil Properties Associated with <i>Ganoderma boninense</i> Pat. Infection in Oil Palm Seedlings in a Controlled Environment
title_full_unstemmed	Temporal Changes Analysis of Soil Properties Associated with <i>Ganoderma boninense</i> Pat. Infection in Oil Palm Seedlings in a Controlled Environment
title_sort	temporal changes analysis of soil properties associated with <i>ganoderma boninense</i> pat. infection in oil palm seedlings in a controlled environment
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f92a1f7e5cfd423996e6196a6fcffff4
work_keys_str_mv	AT mohdhaaziz temporalchangesanalysisofsoilpropertiesassociatedwithiganodermaboninenseipatinfectioninoilpalmseedlingsinacontrolledenvironment AT sitikhairunnizabejo temporalchangesanalysisofsoilpropertiesassociatedwithiganodermaboninenseipatinfectioninoilpalmseedlingsinacontrolledenvironment AT aimrunwayayok temporalchangesanalysisofsoilpropertiesassociatedwithiganodermaboninenseipatinfectioninoilpalmseedlingsinacontrolledenvironment AT fazirulhisyamhashim temporalchangesanalysisofsoilpropertiesassociatedwithiganodermaboninenseipatinfectioninoilpalmseedlingsinacontrolledenvironment AT naoshikondo temporalchangesanalysisofsoilpropertiesassociatedwithiganodermaboninenseipatinfectioninoilpalmseedlingsinacontrolledenvironment AT aimannnazmi temporalchangesanalysisofsoilpropertiesassociatedwithiganodermaboninenseipatinfectioninoilpalmseedlingsinacontrolledenvironment
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Temporal Changes Analysis of Soil Properties Associated with <i>Ganoderma boninense</i> Pat. Infection in Oil Palm Seedlings in a Controlled Environment

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