Vasopressin and Breathing: Review of Evidence for Respiratory Effects of the Antidiuretic Hormone

Vasopressin (AVP) is a key neurohormone involved in the regulation of body functions. Due to its urine-concentrating effect in the kidneys, it is often referred to as antidiuretic hormone. Besides its antidiuretic renal effects, AVP is a potent neurohormone involved in the regulation of arterial blo...

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Autores principales:	Michał Proczka, Jacek Przybylski, Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska, Ewa Szczepańska-Sadowska, Tymoteusz Żera
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	antidiuretic hormone respiration cardiovascular system carotid body sympathetic nervous system circumventricular organs Physiology QP1-981
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f95f5da44c4b42b088ca2f0e0932e4f4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f95f5da44c4b42b088ca2f0e0932e4f42021-11-16T18:42:18ZVasopressin and Breathing: Review of Evidence for Respiratory Effects of the Antidiuretic Hormone1664-042X10.3389/fphys.2021.744177https://doaj.org/article/f95f5da44c4b42b088ca2f0e0932e4f42021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.744177/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-042XVasopressin (AVP) is a key neurohormone involved in the regulation of body functions. Due to its urine-concentrating effect in the kidneys, it is often referred to as antidiuretic hormone. Besides its antidiuretic renal effects, AVP is a potent neurohormone involved in the regulation of arterial blood pressure, sympathetic activity, baroreflex sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, release of glucocorticoids and catecholamines, stress response, anxiety, memory, and behavior. Vasopressin is synthesized in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) of the hypothalamus and released into the circulation from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland together with a C-terminal fragment of pro-vasopressin, known as copeptin. Additionally, vasopressinergic neurons project from the hypothalamus to the brainstem nuclei. Increased release of AVP into the circulation and elevated levels of its surrogate marker copeptin are found in pulmonary diseases, arterial hypertension, heart failure, obstructive sleep apnoea, severe infections, COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and brain injuries. All these conditions are usually accompanied by respiratory disturbances. The main stimuli that trigger AVP release include hyperosmolality, hypovolemia, hypotension, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, strenuous exercise, and angiotensin II (Ang II) and the same stimuli are known to affect pulmonary ventilation. In this light, we hypothesize that increased AVP release and changes in ventilation are not coincidental, but that the neurohormone contributes to the regulation of the respiratory system by fine-tuning of breathing in order to restore homeostasis. We discuss evidence in support of this presumption. Specifically, vasopressinergic neurons innervate the brainstem nuclei involved in the control of respiration. Moreover, vasopressin V1a receptors (V1aRs) are expressed on neurons in the respiratory centers of the brainstem, in the circumventricular organs (CVOs) that lack a blood-brain barrier, and on the chemosensitive type I cells in the carotid bodies. Finally, peripheral and central administrations of AVP or antagonists of V1aRs increase/decrease phrenic nerve activity and pulmonary ventilation in a site-specific manner. Altogether, the findings discussed in this review strongly argue for the hypothesis that vasopressin affects ventilation both as a blood-borne neurohormone and as a neurotransmitter within the central nervous system.Michał ProczkaJacek PrzybylskiAgnieszka Cudnoch-JędrzejewskaEwa Szczepańska-SadowskaTymoteusz ŻeraFrontiers Media S.A.articleantidiuretic hormonerespirationcardiovascular systemcarotid bodysympathetic nervous systemcircumventricular organsPhysiologyQP1-981ENFrontiers in Physiology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	antidiuretic hormone respiration cardiovascular system carotid body sympathetic nervous system circumventricular organs Physiology QP1-981
spellingShingle	antidiuretic hormone respiration cardiovascular system carotid body sympathetic nervous system circumventricular organs Physiology QP1-981 Michał Proczka Jacek Przybylski Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska Ewa Szczepańska-Sadowska Tymoteusz Żera Vasopressin and Breathing: Review of Evidence for Respiratory Effects of the Antidiuretic Hormone
description	Vasopressin (AVP) is a key neurohormone involved in the regulation of body functions. Due to its urine-concentrating effect in the kidneys, it is often referred to as antidiuretic hormone. Besides its antidiuretic renal effects, AVP is a potent neurohormone involved in the regulation of arterial blood pressure, sympathetic activity, baroreflex sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, release of glucocorticoids and catecholamines, stress response, anxiety, memory, and behavior. Vasopressin is synthesized in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) of the hypothalamus and released into the circulation from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland together with a C-terminal fragment of pro-vasopressin, known as copeptin. Additionally, vasopressinergic neurons project from the hypothalamus to the brainstem nuclei. Increased release of AVP into the circulation and elevated levels of its surrogate marker copeptin are found in pulmonary diseases, arterial hypertension, heart failure, obstructive sleep apnoea, severe infections, COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and brain injuries. All these conditions are usually accompanied by respiratory disturbances. The main stimuli that trigger AVP release include hyperosmolality, hypovolemia, hypotension, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, strenuous exercise, and angiotensin II (Ang II) and the same stimuli are known to affect pulmonary ventilation. In this light, we hypothesize that increased AVP release and changes in ventilation are not coincidental, but that the neurohormone contributes to the regulation of the respiratory system by fine-tuning of breathing in order to restore homeostasis. We discuss evidence in support of this presumption. Specifically, vasopressinergic neurons innervate the brainstem nuclei involved in the control of respiration. Moreover, vasopressin V1a receptors (V1aRs) are expressed on neurons in the respiratory centers of the brainstem, in the circumventricular organs (CVOs) that lack a blood-brain barrier, and on the chemosensitive type I cells in the carotid bodies. Finally, peripheral and central administrations of AVP or antagonists of V1aRs increase/decrease phrenic nerve activity and pulmonary ventilation in a site-specific manner. Altogether, the findings discussed in this review strongly argue for the hypothesis that vasopressin affects ventilation both as a blood-borne neurohormone and as a neurotransmitter within the central nervous system.
format	article
author	Michał Proczka Jacek Przybylski Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska Ewa Szczepańska-Sadowska Tymoteusz Żera
author_facet	Michał Proczka Jacek Przybylski Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska Ewa Szczepańska-Sadowska Tymoteusz Żera
author_sort	Michał Proczka
title	Vasopressin and Breathing: Review of Evidence for Respiratory Effects of the Antidiuretic Hormone
title_short	Vasopressin and Breathing: Review of Evidence for Respiratory Effects of the Antidiuretic Hormone
title_full	Vasopressin and Breathing: Review of Evidence for Respiratory Effects of the Antidiuretic Hormone
title_fullStr	Vasopressin and Breathing: Review of Evidence for Respiratory Effects of the Antidiuretic Hormone
title_full_unstemmed	Vasopressin and Breathing: Review of Evidence for Respiratory Effects of the Antidiuretic Hormone
title_sort	vasopressin and breathing: review of evidence for respiratory effects of the antidiuretic hormone
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f95f5da44c4b42b088ca2f0e0932e4f4
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Vasopressin and Breathing: Review of Evidence for Respiratory Effects of the Antidiuretic Hormone

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