Immunotherapy in Medulloblastoma: Current State of Research, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Medulloblastoma (MB), a primary tumor of the central nervous system, is among the most prevalent pediatric neoplasms. The median age of diagnosis is six. Conventional therapies include surgical resection of the tumor with subsequent radiation and chemotherapy. However, these therapies often cause se...

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Autores principales:	Marije J. Voskamp, Shuang Li, Kim R. van Daalen, Sandra Crnko, Toine ten Broeke, Niels Bovenschen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	medulloblastoma immunotherapy immune checkpoint Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens RC254-282
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f9ba5ad4231f4e77a01d0a50ea3e9f7d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f9ba5ad4231f4e77a01d0a50ea3e9f7d2021-11-11T15:29:44ZImmunotherapy in Medulloblastoma: Current State of Research, Challenges, and Future Perspectives10.3390/cancers132153872072-6694https://doaj.org/article/f9ba5ad4231f4e77a01d0a50ea3e9f7d2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/21/5387https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6694Medulloblastoma (MB), a primary tumor of the central nervous system, is among the most prevalent pediatric neoplasms. The median age of diagnosis is six. Conventional therapies include surgical resection of the tumor with subsequent radiation and chemotherapy. However, these therapies often cause severe brain damage, and still, approximately 75% of pediatric patients relapse within a few years. Because the conventional therapies cause such severe damage, especially in the pediatric developing brain, there is an urgent need for better treatment strategies such as immunotherapy, which over the years has gained accumulating interest. Cancer immunotherapy aims to enhance the body’s own immune response to tumors and is already widely used in the clinic, e.g., in the treatment of melanoma and lung cancer. However, little is known about the possible application of immunotherapy in brain cancer. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current consensus on MB classification and the state of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research concerning immunotherapy in MB. Based on existing evidence, we will especially focus on immune checkpoint inhibition and CAR T-cell therapy. Additionally, we will discuss challenges associated with these immunotherapies and relevant strategies to overcome those.Marije J. VoskampShuang LiKim R. van DaalenSandra CrnkoToine ten BroekeNiels BovenschenMDPI AGarticlemedulloblastomaimmunotherapyimmune checkpointNeoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogensRC254-282ENCancers, Vol 13, Iss 5387, p 5387 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	medulloblastoma immunotherapy immune checkpoint Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens RC254-282
spellingShingle	medulloblastoma immunotherapy immune checkpoint Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens RC254-282 Marije J. Voskamp Shuang Li Kim R. van Daalen Sandra Crnko Toine ten Broeke Niels Bovenschen Immunotherapy in Medulloblastoma: Current State of Research, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
description	Medulloblastoma (MB), a primary tumor of the central nervous system, is among the most prevalent pediatric neoplasms. The median age of diagnosis is six. Conventional therapies include surgical resection of the tumor with subsequent radiation and chemotherapy. However, these therapies often cause severe brain damage, and still, approximately 75% of pediatric patients relapse within a few years. Because the conventional therapies cause such severe damage, especially in the pediatric developing brain, there is an urgent need for better treatment strategies such as immunotherapy, which over the years has gained accumulating interest. Cancer immunotherapy aims to enhance the body’s own immune response to tumors and is already widely used in the clinic, e.g., in the treatment of melanoma and lung cancer. However, little is known about the possible application of immunotherapy in brain cancer. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current consensus on MB classification and the state of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research concerning immunotherapy in MB. Based on existing evidence, we will especially focus on immune checkpoint inhibition and CAR T-cell therapy. Additionally, we will discuss challenges associated with these immunotherapies and relevant strategies to overcome those.
format	article
author	Marije J. Voskamp Shuang Li Kim R. van Daalen Sandra Crnko Toine ten Broeke Niels Bovenschen
author_facet	Marije J. Voskamp Shuang Li Kim R. van Daalen Sandra Crnko Toine ten Broeke Niels Bovenschen
author_sort	Marije J. Voskamp
title	Immunotherapy in Medulloblastoma: Current State of Research, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
title_short	Immunotherapy in Medulloblastoma: Current State of Research, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
title_full	Immunotherapy in Medulloblastoma: Current State of Research, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
title_fullStr	Immunotherapy in Medulloblastoma: Current State of Research, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
title_full_unstemmed	Immunotherapy in Medulloblastoma: Current State of Research, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
title_sort	immunotherapy in medulloblastoma: current state of research, challenges, and future perspectives
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f9ba5ad4231f4e77a01d0a50ea3e9f7d
work_keys_str_mv	AT marijejvoskamp immunotherapyinmedulloblastomacurrentstateofresearchchallengesandfutureperspectives AT shuangli immunotherapyinmedulloblastomacurrentstateofresearchchallengesandfutureperspectives AT kimrvandaalen immunotherapyinmedulloblastomacurrentstateofresearchchallengesandfutureperspectives AT sandracrnko immunotherapyinmedulloblastomacurrentstateofresearchchallengesandfutureperspectives AT toinetenbroeke immunotherapyinmedulloblastomacurrentstateofresearchchallengesandfutureperspectives AT nielsbovenschen immunotherapyinmedulloblastomacurrentstateofresearchchallengesandfutureperspectives
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Immunotherapy in Medulloblastoma: Current State of Research, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

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