Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages

Infectious bronchitis virus GI-23 lineage, although described approximately two decades ago in the Middle East, has recently drawn remarkable attention and is considered an “emerging” lineage due to its current spread to several other regions, including Europe. Despite the relevance, no comprehensiv...

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Autores principales:	Mohamed H. Houta, Kareem E. Hassan, Matteo Legnardi, Claudia M. Tucciarone, Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim, Mattia Cecchinato, Azza A. El-Sawah, Ahmed Ali, Giovanni Franzo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	infectious bronchitis IBV GI-23 evolution epidemiology phylodynamic Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Zoology QL1-991
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/fa246b1444534326b4d03c54a126f1d5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:fa246b1444534326b4d03c54a126f1d52021-11-25T16:18:30ZPhylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages10.3390/ani111131822076-2615https://doaj.org/article/fa246b1444534326b4d03c54a126f1d52021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/11/3182https://doaj.org/toc/2076-2615Infectious bronchitis virus GI-23 lineage, although described approximately two decades ago in the Middle East, has recently drawn remarkable attention and is considered an “emerging” lineage due to its current spread to several other regions, including Europe. Despite the relevance, no comprehensive studies are available investigating its epidemiologic and evolutionary pattern. The present phylodynamic study was designed to fill this gap, benefitting from a collection of freely available GI-23 sequences and ad-hoc generated European ones. After a relatively ancient origin in the Middle East, likely in the first half of the previous century, GI-23 circulated largely undetected or underdiagnosed for a long time in this region, likely causing little damage, potentially because of low virulence coupled with limited development of avian industry in the considered years and regions and insufficient diagnostic activity. The following development of the poultry industry and spread to other countries led to a progressive but slow increase of viral population size between the late ‘90s and 2010. An increase in viral virulence could also be hypothesized. Of note, a big recombinant cluster, likely originating in the Middle East but spreading thereafter, especially to Europe through Turkey, demonstrated a much-marked increase in viral population size compared to previously circulating variants. The extensive available GI-23 sequence datasets allowed to demonstrate several potential epidemiological links among African, Asian, and European countries, not described for other IBV lineages. However, differently from previously investigated IBV lineages, its spread appears to primarily involve neighbouring countries and those with strong economic and political relationships. It could thus be speculated that frequent effective contacts among locations are necessary for efficient strain transmission. Some countries appear to play a major role as a “bridge” among less related locations, being Turkey the most relevant example. The role of vaccination in controlling the viral population was also tentatively evaluated. However, despite some evidence suggesting such an effect, the bias in sequence and data availability and the variability in the applied vaccination protocols prevent robust conclusions and warrant further investigations.Mohamed H. HoutaKareem E. HassanMatteo LegnardiClaudia M. TucciaroneAhmed S. Abdel-MoneimMattia CecchinatoAzza A. El-SawahAhmed AliGiovanni FranzoMDPI AGarticleinfectious bronchitisIBVGI-23evolutionepidemiologyphylodynamicVeterinary medicineSF600-1100ZoologyQL1-991ENAnimals, Vol 11, Iss 3182, p 3182 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	infectious bronchitis IBV GI-23 evolution epidemiology phylodynamic Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Zoology QL1-991
spellingShingle	infectious bronchitis IBV GI-23 evolution epidemiology phylodynamic Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Zoology QL1-991 Mohamed H. Houta Kareem E. Hassan Matteo Legnardi Claudia M. Tucciarone Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim Mattia Cecchinato Azza A. El-Sawah Ahmed Ali Giovanni Franzo Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages
description	Infectious bronchitis virus GI-23 lineage, although described approximately two decades ago in the Middle East, has recently drawn remarkable attention and is considered an “emerging” lineage due to its current spread to several other regions, including Europe. Despite the relevance, no comprehensive studies are available investigating its epidemiologic and evolutionary pattern. The present phylodynamic study was designed to fill this gap, benefitting from a collection of freely available GI-23 sequences and ad-hoc generated European ones. After a relatively ancient origin in the Middle East, likely in the first half of the previous century, GI-23 circulated largely undetected or underdiagnosed for a long time in this region, likely causing little damage, potentially because of low virulence coupled with limited development of avian industry in the considered years and regions and insufficient diagnostic activity. The following development of the poultry industry and spread to other countries led to a progressive but slow increase of viral population size between the late ‘90s and 2010. An increase in viral virulence could also be hypothesized. Of note, a big recombinant cluster, likely originating in the Middle East but spreading thereafter, especially to Europe through Turkey, demonstrated a much-marked increase in viral population size compared to previously circulating variants. The extensive available GI-23 sequence datasets allowed to demonstrate several potential epidemiological links among African, Asian, and European countries, not described for other IBV lineages. However, differently from previously investigated IBV lineages, its spread appears to primarily involve neighbouring countries and those with strong economic and political relationships. It could thus be speculated that frequent effective contacts among locations are necessary for efficient strain transmission. Some countries appear to play a major role as a “bridge” among less related locations, being Turkey the most relevant example. The role of vaccination in controlling the viral population was also tentatively evaluated. However, despite some evidence suggesting such an effect, the bias in sequence and data availability and the variability in the applied vaccination protocols prevent robust conclusions and warrant further investigations.
format	article
author	Mohamed H. Houta Kareem E. Hassan Matteo Legnardi Claudia M. Tucciarone Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim Mattia Cecchinato Azza A. El-Sawah Ahmed Ali Giovanni Franzo
author_facet	Mohamed H. Houta Kareem E. Hassan Matteo Legnardi Claudia M. Tucciarone Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim Mattia Cecchinato Azza A. El-Sawah Ahmed Ali Giovanni Franzo
author_sort	Mohamed H. Houta
title	Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages
title_short	Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages
title_full	Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages
title_fullStr	Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages
title_full_unstemmed	Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages
title_sort	phylodynamic and recombination analyses of avian infectious bronchitis gi-23 reveal a widespread recombinant cluster and new among-countries linkages
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/fa246b1444534326b4d03c54a126f1d5
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Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages

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