Conserved and Divergent Aspects of Plasticity and Sexual Dimorphism in Wing Size and Shape in Three Diptera

The ability of powered flight in insects facilitated their great evolutionary success allowing them to occupy various ecological niches. Beyond this primary task, wings are often involved in various premating behaviors, such as the generation of courtship songs and the initiation of mating in flight...

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Autores principales:	Micael Reis, Natalia Siomava, Ernst A. Wimmer, Nico Posnien
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	Diptera wing shape geometric morphometrics sexual shape dimorphism allometry Drosophila melanogaster Evolution QH359-425 Ecology QH540-549.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/fad901399ee24e098a6ba694f8896584
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:fad901399ee24e098a6ba694f88965842021-11-17T07:01:11ZConserved and Divergent Aspects of Plasticity and Sexual Dimorphism in Wing Size and Shape in Three Diptera2296-701X10.3389/fevo.2021.660546https://doaj.org/article/fad901399ee24e098a6ba694f88965842021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.660546/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-701XThe ability of powered flight in insects facilitated their great evolutionary success allowing them to occupy various ecological niches. Beyond this primary task, wings are often involved in various premating behaviors, such as the generation of courtship songs and the initiation of mating in flight. These specific functions imply special adaptations of wing morphology, as well as sex-specific wing morphologies. Although wing morphology has been extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830), a comprehensive understanding of developmental plasticity and the impact of sex on wing size and shape plasticity is missing for other Diptera. Therefore, we raised flies of the three Diptera species Drosophila melanogaster, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) and Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) at different environmental conditions and applied geometric morphometrics to analyze wing shape. Our data showed extensive interspecific differences in wing shape, as well as a clear sexual wing shape dimorphism in all three species. We revealed an impact of different rearing temperatures on wing shape in all three species, which was mostly explained by plasticity in wing size in D. melanogaster. Rearing densities had significant effects on allometric wing shape in D. melanogaster, while no obvious effects were observed for the other two species. Additionally, we did not find evidence for sex-specific response to different rearing conditions in D. melanogaster and C. capitata, while a male-specific impact of different rearing conditions was observed on non-allometric wing shape in M. domestica. Overall, our data strongly suggests that many aspects of wing morphology underly species-specific adaptations and we discuss potential developmental and functional implications of our results.Micael ReisNatalia SiomavaErnst A. WimmerNico PosnienFrontiers Media S.A.articleDipterawing shapegeometric morphometricssexual shape dimorphismallometryDrosophila melanogasterEvolutionQH359-425EcologyQH540-549.5ENFrontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Diptera wing shape geometric morphometrics sexual shape dimorphism allometry Drosophila melanogaster Evolution QH359-425 Ecology QH540-549.5
spellingShingle	Diptera wing shape geometric morphometrics sexual shape dimorphism allometry Drosophila melanogaster Evolution QH359-425 Ecology QH540-549.5 Micael Reis Natalia Siomava Ernst A. Wimmer Nico Posnien Conserved and Divergent Aspects of Plasticity and Sexual Dimorphism in Wing Size and Shape in Three Diptera
description	The ability of powered flight in insects facilitated their great evolutionary success allowing them to occupy various ecological niches. Beyond this primary task, wings are often involved in various premating behaviors, such as the generation of courtship songs and the initiation of mating in flight. These specific functions imply special adaptations of wing morphology, as well as sex-specific wing morphologies. Although wing morphology has been extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830), a comprehensive understanding of developmental plasticity and the impact of sex on wing size and shape plasticity is missing for other Diptera. Therefore, we raised flies of the three Diptera species Drosophila melanogaster, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) and Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) at different environmental conditions and applied geometric morphometrics to analyze wing shape. Our data showed extensive interspecific differences in wing shape, as well as a clear sexual wing shape dimorphism in all three species. We revealed an impact of different rearing temperatures on wing shape in all three species, which was mostly explained by plasticity in wing size in D. melanogaster. Rearing densities had significant effects on allometric wing shape in D. melanogaster, while no obvious effects were observed for the other two species. Additionally, we did not find evidence for sex-specific response to different rearing conditions in D. melanogaster and C. capitata, while a male-specific impact of different rearing conditions was observed on non-allometric wing shape in M. domestica. Overall, our data strongly suggests that many aspects of wing morphology underly species-specific adaptations and we discuss potential developmental and functional implications of our results.
format	article
author	Micael Reis Natalia Siomava Ernst A. Wimmer Nico Posnien
author_facet	Micael Reis Natalia Siomava Ernst A. Wimmer Nico Posnien
author_sort	Micael Reis
title	Conserved and Divergent Aspects of Plasticity and Sexual Dimorphism in Wing Size and Shape in Three Diptera
title_short	Conserved and Divergent Aspects of Plasticity and Sexual Dimorphism in Wing Size and Shape in Three Diptera
title_full	Conserved and Divergent Aspects of Plasticity and Sexual Dimorphism in Wing Size and Shape in Three Diptera
title_fullStr	Conserved and Divergent Aspects of Plasticity and Sexual Dimorphism in Wing Size and Shape in Three Diptera
title_full_unstemmed	Conserved and Divergent Aspects of Plasticity and Sexual Dimorphism in Wing Size and Shape in Three Diptera
title_sort	conserved and divergent aspects of plasticity and sexual dimorphism in wing size and shape in three diptera
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/fad901399ee24e098a6ba694f8896584
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_version_	1718425903628812288

Conserved and Divergent Aspects of Plasticity and Sexual Dimorphism in Wing Size and Shape in Three Diptera

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