An fNIRS Investigation of Discrete and Continuous Cognitive Demands During Dual-Task Walking in Young Adults

Introduction: Dual-task studies have demonstrated that walking is attention-demanding for younger adults. However, numerous studies have attributed this to task type rather than the amount of required to accomplish the task. This study examined four tasks: two discrete (i.e., short intervals of atte...

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Autores principales:	Tabassum Tahmina Rahman, Nadia Polskaia, Gabrielle St-Amant, Talia Salzman, Diana Tobón Vallejo, Yves Lajoie, Sarah Anne Fraser
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	cognitive demand continuous cognitive task discrete cognitive task dual task fNIRS (functional near infrared spectroscopy) prefrontal cortex (PFC) Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/faffb3a4bff446819bbfaaf87fed0d65
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:faffb3a4bff446819bbfaaf87fed0d652021-11-16T15:50:00ZAn fNIRS Investigation of Discrete and Continuous Cognitive Demands During Dual-Task Walking in Young Adults1662-516110.3389/fnhum.2021.711054https://doaj.org/article/faffb3a4bff446819bbfaaf87fed0d652021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2021.711054/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1662-5161Introduction: Dual-task studies have demonstrated that walking is attention-demanding for younger adults. However, numerous studies have attributed this to task type rather than the amount of required to accomplish the task. This study examined four tasks: two discrete (i.e., short intervals of attention) and two continuous (i.e., sustained attention) to determine whether greater attentional demands result in greater dual-task costs due to an overloaded processing capacity.Methods: Nineteen young adults (21.5 ± 3.6 years, 13 females) completed simple reaction time (SRT) and go/no-go (GNG) discrete cognitive tasks and n-back (NBK) and double number sequence (DNS) continuous cognitive tasks with or without self-paced walking. Prefrontal cerebral hemodynamics were measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and performance was measured using response time, accuracy, and gait speed.Results: Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed decreased accuracy with increasing cognitive demands (p = 0.001) and increased dual-task accuracy costs (p < 0.001). Response times were faster during the single compared to dual-tasks during the SRT (p = 0.005) and NBK (p = 0.004). DNS gait speed was also slower in the dual compared to single task (p < 0.001). Neural findings revealed marginally significant interactions between dual-task walking and walking alone in the DNS (p = 0.06) and dual -task walking compared to the NBK cognitive task alone (p = 0.05).Conclusion: Neural findings suggest a trend towards increased PFC activation during continuous tasks. Cognitive and motor measures revealed worse performance during the discrete compared to continuous tasks. Future studies should consider examining different attentional demands of motor tasks.Tabassum Tahmina RahmanNadia PolskaiaGabrielle St-AmantTalia SalzmanDiana Tobón VallejoYves LajoieSarah Anne FraserFrontiers Media S.A.articlecognitive demandcontinuous cognitive taskdiscrete cognitive taskdual taskfNIRS (functional near infrared spectroscopy)prefrontal cortex (PFC)Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571ENFrontiers in Human Neuroscience, Vol 15 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	cognitive demand continuous cognitive task discrete cognitive task dual task fNIRS (functional near infrared spectroscopy) prefrontal cortex (PFC) Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
spellingShingle	cognitive demand continuous cognitive task discrete cognitive task dual task fNIRS (functional near infrared spectroscopy) prefrontal cortex (PFC) Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Tabassum Tahmina Rahman Nadia Polskaia Gabrielle St-Amant Talia Salzman Diana Tobón Vallejo Yves Lajoie Sarah Anne Fraser An fNIRS Investigation of Discrete and Continuous Cognitive Demands During Dual-Task Walking in Young Adults
description	Introduction: Dual-task studies have demonstrated that walking is attention-demanding for younger adults. However, numerous studies have attributed this to task type rather than the amount of required to accomplish the task. This study examined four tasks: two discrete (i.e., short intervals of attention) and two continuous (i.e., sustained attention) to determine whether greater attentional demands result in greater dual-task costs due to an overloaded processing capacity.Methods: Nineteen young adults (21.5 ± 3.6 years, 13 females) completed simple reaction time (SRT) and go/no-go (GNG) discrete cognitive tasks and n-back (NBK) and double number sequence (DNS) continuous cognitive tasks with or without self-paced walking. Prefrontal cerebral hemodynamics were measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and performance was measured using response time, accuracy, and gait speed.Results: Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed decreased accuracy with increasing cognitive demands (p = 0.001) and increased dual-task accuracy costs (p < 0.001). Response times were faster during the single compared to dual-tasks during the SRT (p = 0.005) and NBK (p = 0.004). DNS gait speed was also slower in the dual compared to single task (p < 0.001). Neural findings revealed marginally significant interactions between dual-task walking and walking alone in the DNS (p = 0.06) and dual -task walking compared to the NBK cognitive task alone (p = 0.05).Conclusion: Neural findings suggest a trend towards increased PFC activation during continuous tasks. Cognitive and motor measures revealed worse performance during the discrete compared to continuous tasks. Future studies should consider examining different attentional demands of motor tasks.
format	article
author	Tabassum Tahmina Rahman Nadia Polskaia Gabrielle St-Amant Talia Salzman Diana Tobón Vallejo Yves Lajoie Sarah Anne Fraser
author_facet	Tabassum Tahmina Rahman Nadia Polskaia Gabrielle St-Amant Talia Salzman Diana Tobón Vallejo Yves Lajoie Sarah Anne Fraser
author_sort	Tabassum Tahmina Rahman
title	An fNIRS Investigation of Discrete and Continuous Cognitive Demands During Dual-Task Walking in Young Adults
title_short	An fNIRS Investigation of Discrete and Continuous Cognitive Demands During Dual-Task Walking in Young Adults
title_full	An fNIRS Investigation of Discrete and Continuous Cognitive Demands During Dual-Task Walking in Young Adults
title_fullStr	An fNIRS Investigation of Discrete and Continuous Cognitive Demands During Dual-Task Walking in Young Adults
title_full_unstemmed	An fNIRS Investigation of Discrete and Continuous Cognitive Demands During Dual-Task Walking in Young Adults
title_sort	fnirs investigation of discrete and continuous cognitive demands during dual-task walking in young adults
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/faffb3a4bff446819bbfaaf87fed0d65
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An fNIRS Investigation of Discrete and Continuous Cognitive Demands During Dual-Task Walking in Young Adults

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