The effects of climate change on the Pleistocene rock art of Sulawesi

Abstract The equatorial tropics house some of the earliest rock art yet known, and it is weathering at an alarming rate. Here we present evidence for haloclasty (salt crystallisation) from Pleistocene-aged rock art panels at 11 sites in the Maros-Pangkep limestone karsts of southern Sulawesi. We sho...

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Autores principales:	J. Huntley, M. Aubert, A. A. Oktaviana, R. Lebe, B. Hakim, B. Burhan, L. Muhammad Aksa, I. Made Geria, M. Ramli, L. Siagian, H. E. A. Brand, A. Brumm
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/fb32801ded904646890b58d816c9c098
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:fb32801ded904646890b58d816c9c0982021-12-02T16:50:17ZThe effects of climate change on the Pleistocene rock art of Sulawesi10.1038/s41598-021-87923-32045-2322https://doaj.org/article/fb32801ded904646890b58d816c9c0982021-05-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87923-3https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The equatorial tropics house some of the earliest rock art yet known, and it is weathering at an alarming rate. Here we present evidence for haloclasty (salt crystallisation) from Pleistocene-aged rock art panels at 11 sites in the Maros-Pangkep limestone karsts of southern Sulawesi. We show how quickly rock art panels have degraded in recent decades, contending that climate-catalysed salt efflorescence is responsible for increasing exfoliation of the limestone cave surfaces that house the ~ 45 to 20-thousand-year-old paintings. These artworks are located in the world’s most atmospherically dynamic region, the Australasian monsoon domain. The rising frequency and severity of El Niño-induced droughts from anthropogenic climate change (that is, higher ambient temperatures and more consecutive dry days), combined with seasonal moisture injected via monsoonal rains retained as standing water in the rice fields and aquaculture ponds of the region, increasingly provide ideal conditions for evaporation and haloclasty, accelerating rock art deterioration.J. HuntleyM. AubertA. A. OktavianaR. LebeB. HakimB. BurhanL. Muhammad AksaI. Made GeriaM. RamliL. SiagianH. E. A. BrandA. BrummNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q J. Huntley M. Aubert A. A. Oktaviana R. Lebe B. Hakim B. Burhan L. Muhammad Aksa I. Made Geria M. Ramli L. Siagian H. E. A. Brand A. Brumm The effects of climate change on the Pleistocene rock art of Sulawesi
description	Abstract The equatorial tropics house some of the earliest rock art yet known, and it is weathering at an alarming rate. Here we present evidence for haloclasty (salt crystallisation) from Pleistocene-aged rock art panels at 11 sites in the Maros-Pangkep limestone karsts of southern Sulawesi. We show how quickly rock art panels have degraded in recent decades, contending that climate-catalysed salt efflorescence is responsible for increasing exfoliation of the limestone cave surfaces that house the ~ 45 to 20-thousand-year-old paintings. These artworks are located in the world’s most atmospherically dynamic region, the Australasian monsoon domain. The rising frequency and severity of El Niño-induced droughts from anthropogenic climate change (that is, higher ambient temperatures and more consecutive dry days), combined with seasonal moisture injected via monsoonal rains retained as standing water in the rice fields and aquaculture ponds of the region, increasingly provide ideal conditions for evaporation and haloclasty, accelerating rock art deterioration.
format	article
author	J. Huntley M. Aubert A. A. Oktaviana R. Lebe B. Hakim B. Burhan L. Muhammad Aksa I. Made Geria M. Ramli L. Siagian H. E. A. Brand A. Brumm
author_facet	J. Huntley M. Aubert A. A. Oktaviana R. Lebe B. Hakim B. Burhan L. Muhammad Aksa I. Made Geria M. Ramli L. Siagian H. E. A. Brand A. Brumm
author_sort	J. Huntley
title	The effects of climate change on the Pleistocene rock art of Sulawesi
title_short	The effects of climate change on the Pleistocene rock art of Sulawesi
title_full	The effects of climate change on the Pleistocene rock art of Sulawesi
title_fullStr	The effects of climate change on the Pleistocene rock art of Sulawesi
title_full_unstemmed	The effects of climate change on the Pleistocene rock art of Sulawesi
title_sort	effects of climate change on the pleistocene rock art of sulawesi
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/fb32801ded904646890b58d816c9c098
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The effects of climate change on the Pleistocene rock art of Sulawesi

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