In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice

Background and Aim: Pediculus humanus capitis, the human head louse, remains a global health problem. This study evaluated the resistance of head lice to permethrin and 6-paradol mediated by in vitro detoxification enzyme activity experiments and to describe physical changes in the lice using scanni...

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Autores principales:	Rizal Subahar, Lisawati Susanto, Rachmanin Aidilla, Annisa Putri Aulia, Yulhasri Yulhasri, Rawina Winita, Nadar S. Lubis, Ika Puspa Sari
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Veterinary World 2021
Materias:	6-paradol detoxifying enzyme electron microscopy pediculus humanus capitis permethrin resistance Animal culture SF1-1100 Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/fb6601f98df140448fe8e304129102dd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:fb6601f98df140448fe8e304129102dd2021-11-30T13:09:37ZIn vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice10.14202/vetworld.2021.3065-30750972-89882231-0916https://doaj.org/article/fb6601f98df140448fe8e304129102dd2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.14/November-2021/29.pdfhttps://doaj.org/toc/0972-8988https://doaj.org/toc/2231-0916Background and Aim: Pediculus humanus capitis, the human head louse, remains a global health problem. This study evaluated the resistance of head lice to permethrin and 6-paradol mediated by in vitro detoxification enzyme activity experiments and to describe physical changes in the lice using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: The adult stages of P. h. capitis were collected from patients exposed to 1% permethrin and three different concentrations of 6-paradol (0.00005%, 0.0001%, and 0.00015%) using a filter paper diffusion bioassay. Healthy P. h. capitis adults served as the control. The in vitro bioassays were conducted after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min of exposure. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and oxidase were analyzed. Physical changes in the lice were analyzed using SEM. Results: Permethrin and 6-paradol exhibited low toxicity against the lice. At 60 min, 1% permethrin had killed 36.7% of the lice present, while 6-paradol had killed 66.7-86.7%. Permethrin induced significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity; 6-paradol also caused significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. Permethrin did not cause any ultrastructural morphological changes on the lice, while 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice. Conclusion: This in vitro experimental of P. h. capitis is the first study to report P. h. capitis in East Jakarta shows complete resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol, and to describe the associated increase in AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. It was observed that 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice.Rizal SubaharLisawati SusantoRachmanin AidillaAnnisa Putri AuliaYulhasri YulhasriRawina WinitaNadar S. LubisIka Puspa SariVeterinary Worldarticle6-paradoldetoxifying enzymeelectron microscopypediculus humanus capitispermethrinresistanceAnimal cultureSF1-1100Veterinary medicineSF600-1100ENVeterinary World, Vol 14, Iss 11, Pp 3065-3075 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	6-paradol detoxifying enzyme electron microscopy pediculus humanus capitis permethrin resistance Animal culture SF1-1100 Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
spellingShingle	6-paradol detoxifying enzyme electron microscopy pediculus humanus capitis permethrin resistance Animal culture SF1-1100 Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Rizal Subahar Lisawati Susanto Rachmanin Aidilla Annisa Putri Aulia Yulhasri Yulhasri Rawina Winita Nadar S. Lubis Ika Puspa Sari In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice
description	Background and Aim: Pediculus humanus capitis, the human head louse, remains a global health problem. This study evaluated the resistance of head lice to permethrin and 6-paradol mediated by in vitro detoxification enzyme activity experiments and to describe physical changes in the lice using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: The adult stages of P. h. capitis were collected from patients exposed to 1% permethrin and three different concentrations of 6-paradol (0.00005%, 0.0001%, and 0.00015%) using a filter paper diffusion bioassay. Healthy P. h. capitis adults served as the control. The in vitro bioassays were conducted after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min of exposure. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and oxidase were analyzed. Physical changes in the lice were analyzed using SEM. Results: Permethrin and 6-paradol exhibited low toxicity against the lice. At 60 min, 1% permethrin had killed 36.7% of the lice present, while 6-paradol had killed 66.7-86.7%. Permethrin induced significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity; 6-paradol also caused significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. Permethrin did not cause any ultrastructural morphological changes on the lice, while 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice. Conclusion: This in vitro experimental of P. h. capitis is the first study to report P. h. capitis in East Jakarta shows complete resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol, and to describe the associated increase in AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. It was observed that 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice.
format	article
author	Rizal Subahar Lisawati Susanto Rachmanin Aidilla Annisa Putri Aulia Yulhasri Yulhasri Rawina Winita Nadar S. Lubis Ika Puspa Sari
author_facet	Rizal Subahar Lisawati Susanto Rachmanin Aidilla Annisa Putri Aulia Yulhasri Yulhasri Rawina Winita Nadar S. Lubis Ika Puspa Sari
author_sort	Rizal Subahar
title	In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice
title_short	In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice
title_full	In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice
title_fullStr	In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice
title_full_unstemmed	In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice
title_sort	in vitro experiments of pediculus humanus capitis (phthiraptera: pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in east jakarta: detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice
publisher	Veterinary World
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/fb6601f98df140448fe8e304129102dd
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In vitro experiments of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol in East Jakarta: Detoxification enzyme activity and electron microscopic changes in lice

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