Disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the Adaptive Force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours

Abstract The olfactomotor system is especially investigated by examining the sniffing in reaction to olfactory stimuli. The motor output of respiratory-independent muscles was seldomly considered regarding possible influences of smells. The Adaptive Force (AF) characterizes the capability of the neu...

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Autores principales:	Laura V. Schaefer, Silas Dech, Markus Aehle, Frank N. Bittmann
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/fc924db788774f109a56f625f4fe513d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:fc924db788774f109a56f625f4fe513d2021-12-02T18:50:47ZDisgusting odours affect the characteristics of the Adaptive Force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours10.1038/s41598-021-95759-02045-2322https://doaj.org/article/fc924db788774f109a56f625f4fe513d2021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95759-0https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The olfactomotor system is especially investigated by examining the sniffing in reaction to olfactory stimuli. The motor output of respiratory-independent muscles was seldomly considered regarding possible influences of smells. The Adaptive Force (AF) characterizes the capability of the neuromuscular system to adapt to external forces in a holding manner and was suggested to be more vulnerable to possible interfering stimuli due to the underlying complex control processes. The aim of this pilot study was to measure the effects of olfactory inputs on the AF of the hip and elbow flexors, respectively. The AF of 10 subjects was examined manually by experienced testers while smelling at sniffing sticks with neutral, pleasant or disgusting odours. The reaction force and the limb position were recorded by a handheld device. The results show, inter alia, a significantly lower maximal isometric AF and a significantly higher AF at the onset of oscillations by perceiving disgusting odours compared to pleasant or neutral odours (p < 0.001). The adaptive holding capacity seems to reflect the functionality of the neuromuscular control, which can be impaired by disgusting olfactory inputs. An undisturbed functioning neuromuscular system appears to be characterized by a proper length tension control and by an earlier onset of mutual oscillations during an external force increase. This highlights the strong connection of olfaction and motor control also regarding respiratory-independent muscles.Laura V. SchaeferSilas DechMarkus AehleFrank N. BittmannNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-16 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Laura V. Schaefer Silas Dech Markus Aehle Frank N. Bittmann Disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the Adaptive Force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours
description	Abstract The olfactomotor system is especially investigated by examining the sniffing in reaction to olfactory stimuli. The motor output of respiratory-independent muscles was seldomly considered regarding possible influences of smells. The Adaptive Force (AF) characterizes the capability of the neuromuscular system to adapt to external forces in a holding manner and was suggested to be more vulnerable to possible interfering stimuli due to the underlying complex control processes. The aim of this pilot study was to measure the effects of olfactory inputs on the AF of the hip and elbow flexors, respectively. The AF of 10 subjects was examined manually by experienced testers while smelling at sniffing sticks with neutral, pleasant or disgusting odours. The reaction force and the limb position were recorded by a handheld device. The results show, inter alia, a significantly lower maximal isometric AF and a significantly higher AF at the onset of oscillations by perceiving disgusting odours compared to pleasant or neutral odours (p < 0.001). The adaptive holding capacity seems to reflect the functionality of the neuromuscular control, which can be impaired by disgusting olfactory inputs. An undisturbed functioning neuromuscular system appears to be characterized by a proper length tension control and by an earlier onset of mutual oscillations during an external force increase. This highlights the strong connection of olfaction and motor control also regarding respiratory-independent muscles.
format	article
author	Laura V. Schaefer Silas Dech Markus Aehle Frank N. Bittmann
author_facet	Laura V. Schaefer Silas Dech Markus Aehle Frank N. Bittmann
author_sort	Laura V. Schaefer
title	Disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the Adaptive Force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours
title_short	Disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the Adaptive Force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours
title_full	Disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the Adaptive Force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours
title_fullStr	Disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the Adaptive Force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours
title_full_unstemmed	Disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the Adaptive Force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours
title_sort	disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the adaptive force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/fc924db788774f109a56f625f4fe513d
work_keys_str_mv	AT lauravschaefer disgustingodoursaffectthecharacteristicsoftheadaptiveforceincontrasttoneutralandpleasantodours AT silasdech disgustingodoursaffectthecharacteristicsoftheadaptiveforceincontrasttoneutralandpleasantodours AT markusaehle disgustingodoursaffectthecharacteristicsoftheadaptiveforceincontrasttoneutralandpleasantodours AT franknbittmann disgustingodoursaffectthecharacteristicsoftheadaptiveforceincontrasttoneutralandpleasantodours
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Disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the Adaptive Force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours

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