Plasticity of the injured human spinal cord: insights revealed by spinal cord functional MRI.

<h4>Introduction</h4>While numerous studies have documented evidence for plasticity of the human brain there is little evidence that the human spinal cord can change after injury. Here, we employ a novel spinal fMRI design where we stimulate normal and abnormal sensory dermatomes in pers...

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Autores principales:	David W Cadotte, Rachael Bosma, David Mikulis, Natalia Nugaeva, Karen Smith, Ronald Pokrupa, Omar Islam, Patrick W Stroman, Michael G Fehlings
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/fcc176a5f1564993a6c45106201053f0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:fcc176a5f1564993a6c45106201053f02021-11-18T07:04:53ZPlasticity of the injured human spinal cord: insights revealed by spinal cord functional MRI.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0045560https://doaj.org/article/fcc176a5f1564993a6c45106201053f02012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23029097/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Introduction</h4>While numerous studies have documented evidence for plasticity of the human brain there is little evidence that the human spinal cord can change after injury. Here, we employ a novel spinal fMRI design where we stimulate normal and abnormal sensory dermatomes in persons with traumatic spinal cord injury and perform a connectivity analysis to understand how spinal networks process information.<h4>Methods</h4>Spinal fMRI data was collected at 3 Tesla at two institutions from 38 individuals using the standard SEEP functional MR imaging techniques. Thermal stimulation was applied to four dermatomes in an interleaved timing pattern during each fMRI acquisition. SCI patients were stimulated in dermatomes both above (normal sensation) and below the level of their injury. Sub-group analysis was performed on healthy controls (n = 20), complete SCI (n = 3), incomplete SCI (n = 9) and SCI patients who recovered full function (n = 6).<h4>Results</h4>Patients with chronic incomplete SCI, when stimulated in a dermatome of normal sensation, showed an increased number of active voxels relative to controls (p = 0.025). There was an inverse relationship between the degree of sensory impairment and the number of active voxels in the region of the spinal cord corresponding to that dermatome of abnormal sensation (R(2) = 0.93, p<0.001). Lastly, a connectivity analysis demonstrated a significantly increased number of intraspinal connections in incomplete SCI patients relative to controls suggesting altered processing of afferent sensory signals.<h4>Conclusions</h4>In this work we demonstrate the use of spinal fMRI to investigate changes in spinal processing of somatosensory information in the human spinal cord. We provide evidence for plasticity of the human spinal cord after traumatic injury based on an increase in the average number of active voxels in dermatomes of normal sensation in chronic SCI patients and an increased number of intraspinal connections in incomplete SCI patients relative to healthy controls.David W CadotteRachael BosmaDavid MikulisNatalia NugaevaKaren SmithRonald PokrupaOmar IslamPatrick W StromanMichael G FehlingsPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 9, p e45560 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q David W Cadotte Rachael Bosma David Mikulis Natalia Nugaeva Karen Smith Ronald Pokrupa Omar Islam Patrick W Stroman Michael G Fehlings Plasticity of the injured human spinal cord: insights revealed by spinal cord functional MRI.
description	<h4>Introduction</h4>While numerous studies have documented evidence for plasticity of the human brain there is little evidence that the human spinal cord can change after injury. Here, we employ a novel spinal fMRI design where we stimulate normal and abnormal sensory dermatomes in persons with traumatic spinal cord injury and perform a connectivity analysis to understand how spinal networks process information.<h4>Methods</h4>Spinal fMRI data was collected at 3 Tesla at two institutions from 38 individuals using the standard SEEP functional MR imaging techniques. Thermal stimulation was applied to four dermatomes in an interleaved timing pattern during each fMRI acquisition. SCI patients were stimulated in dermatomes both above (normal sensation) and below the level of their injury. Sub-group analysis was performed on healthy controls (n = 20), complete SCI (n = 3), incomplete SCI (n = 9) and SCI patients who recovered full function (n = 6).<h4>Results</h4>Patients with chronic incomplete SCI, when stimulated in a dermatome of normal sensation, showed an increased number of active voxels relative to controls (p = 0.025). There was an inverse relationship between the degree of sensory impairment and the number of active voxels in the region of the spinal cord corresponding to that dermatome of abnormal sensation (R(2) = 0.93, p<0.001). Lastly, a connectivity analysis demonstrated a significantly increased number of intraspinal connections in incomplete SCI patients relative to controls suggesting altered processing of afferent sensory signals.<h4>Conclusions</h4>In this work we demonstrate the use of spinal fMRI to investigate changes in spinal processing of somatosensory information in the human spinal cord. We provide evidence for plasticity of the human spinal cord after traumatic injury based on an increase in the average number of active voxels in dermatomes of normal sensation in chronic SCI patients and an increased number of intraspinal connections in incomplete SCI patients relative to healthy controls.
format	article
author	David W Cadotte Rachael Bosma David Mikulis Natalia Nugaeva Karen Smith Ronald Pokrupa Omar Islam Patrick W Stroman Michael G Fehlings
author_facet	David W Cadotte Rachael Bosma David Mikulis Natalia Nugaeva Karen Smith Ronald Pokrupa Omar Islam Patrick W Stroman Michael G Fehlings
author_sort	David W Cadotte
title	Plasticity of the injured human spinal cord: insights revealed by spinal cord functional MRI.
title_short	Plasticity of the injured human spinal cord: insights revealed by spinal cord functional MRI.
title_full	Plasticity of the injured human spinal cord: insights revealed by spinal cord functional MRI.
title_fullStr	Plasticity of the injured human spinal cord: insights revealed by spinal cord functional MRI.
title_full_unstemmed	Plasticity of the injured human spinal cord: insights revealed by spinal cord functional MRI.
title_sort	plasticity of the injured human spinal cord: insights revealed by spinal cord functional mri.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/fcc176a5f1564993a6c45106201053f0
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Plasticity of the injured human spinal cord: insights revealed by spinal cord functional MRI.

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