The Impact of Sea Embankment Reclamation on Greenhouse Gas GHG Fluxes and Stocks in Invasive Spartina alterniflora and Native Phragmites australis Wetland Marshes of East China

The introduction of embankment seawalls to limit the expansion of the exotic C4 perennial grass Spartina alteniflora Loisel in eastern China’s coastal wetlands has more than doubled in the past decades. Previous research focused on the impact of sea embankme...

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Autores principales:	Jian Li, Zhanrui Leng, Yueming Wu, Guanlin Li, Guangqian Ren, Guirong Wu, Yongcan Jiang, Taitiya Kenneth Yuguda, Daolin Du
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	coastal wetlands wetland reclamation seawalls invasive species salt marsh alien plant invasion Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/fcc1dc8bde30451983eff61869a683da
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:fcc1dc8bde30451983eff61869a683da2021-11-25T19:04:01ZThe Impact of Sea Embankment Reclamation on Greenhouse Gas GHG Fluxes and Stocks in Invasive <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and Native <i>Phragmites australis</i> Wetland Marshes of East China10.3390/su1322127402071-1050https://doaj.org/article/fcc1dc8bde30451983eff61869a683da2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/22/12740https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050The introduction of embankment seawalls to limit the expansion of the exotic C<sub>4</sub> perennial grass <i>Spartina alteniflora</i> Loisel in eastern China’s coastal wetlands has more than doubled in the past decades. Previous research focused on the impact of sea embankment reclamation on the soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks in salt marshes, whereas no study attempted to assess the impact of sea embankment reclamation on greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in such marshes. Here we examined the impact of sea embankment reclamation on GHG stocks and fluxes of an invasive <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and native <i>Phragmites australis</i> dominated salt marsh in the Dongtai wetlands of China’s Jiangsu province. Sea embankment reclamation significantly decreased soil total organic C by 54.0% and total organic N by 73.2%, decreasing plant biomass, soil moisture, and soil salinity in both plants’ marsh. It increased CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 38.2% and 13.5%, and reduced CH<sub>4</sub> emissions by 34.5% and 37.1%, respectively, in the <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and <i>Phragmites australis</i> marshes. The coastal embankment wall also significantly increased N<sub>2</sub>O emission by 48.9% in the <i>Phragmites australis</i> salt marsh and reduced emissions by 17.2% in the <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> marsh. The fluxes of methane CH<sub>4</sub> and carbon dioxide CO<sub>2</sub> were similar in both restored and unrestored sections, whereas the fluxes of nitrous oxide N<sub>2</sub>O were substantially different owing to increased nitrate as a result of N-loading. Our findings show that sea embankment reclamation significantly alters coastal marsh potential to sequester C and N, particularly in native <i>Phragmites australis</i> salt marshes. As a result, sea embankment reclamation essentially weakens native and invasive saltmarshes’ C and N sinks, potentially depleting C and N sinks in coastal China’s wetlands. Stakeholders and policymakers can utilize this scientific evidence to strike a balance between seawall reclamation and invasive plant expansion in coastal wetlands.Jian LiZhanrui LengYueming WuGuanlin LiGuangqian RenGuirong WuYongcan JiangTaitiya Kenneth YugudaDaolin DuMDPI AGarticlecoastal wetlandswetland reclamationseawallsinvasive speciessalt marshalien plant invasionEnvironmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 12740, p 12740 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	coastal wetlands wetland reclamation seawalls invasive species salt marsh alien plant invasion Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	coastal wetlands wetland reclamation seawalls invasive species salt marsh alien plant invasion Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Jian Li Zhanrui Leng Yueming Wu Guanlin Li Guangqian Ren Guirong Wu Yongcan Jiang Taitiya Kenneth Yuguda Daolin Du The Impact of Sea Embankment Reclamation on Greenhouse Gas GHG Fluxes and Stocks in Invasive <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and Native <i>Phragmites australis</i> Wetland Marshes of East China
description	The introduction of embankment seawalls to limit the expansion of the exotic C<sub>4</sub> perennial grass <i>Spartina alteniflora</i> Loisel in eastern China’s coastal wetlands has more than doubled in the past decades. Previous research focused on the impact of sea embankment reclamation on the soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks in salt marshes, whereas no study attempted to assess the impact of sea embankment reclamation on greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in such marshes. Here we examined the impact of sea embankment reclamation on GHG stocks and fluxes of an invasive <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and native <i>Phragmites australis</i> dominated salt marsh in the Dongtai wetlands of China’s Jiangsu province. Sea embankment reclamation significantly decreased soil total organic C by 54.0% and total organic N by 73.2%, decreasing plant biomass, soil moisture, and soil salinity in both plants’ marsh. It increased CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 38.2% and 13.5%, and reduced CH<sub>4</sub> emissions by 34.5% and 37.1%, respectively, in the <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and <i>Phragmites australis</i> marshes. The coastal embankment wall also significantly increased N<sub>2</sub>O emission by 48.9% in the <i>Phragmites australis</i> salt marsh and reduced emissions by 17.2% in the <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> marsh. The fluxes of methane CH<sub>4</sub> and carbon dioxide CO<sub>2</sub> were similar in both restored and unrestored sections, whereas the fluxes of nitrous oxide N<sub>2</sub>O were substantially different owing to increased nitrate as a result of N-loading. Our findings show that sea embankment reclamation significantly alters coastal marsh potential to sequester C and N, particularly in native <i>Phragmites australis</i> salt marshes. As a result, sea embankment reclamation essentially weakens native and invasive saltmarshes’ C and N sinks, potentially depleting C and N sinks in coastal China’s wetlands. Stakeholders and policymakers can utilize this scientific evidence to strike a balance between seawall reclamation and invasive plant expansion in coastal wetlands.
format	article
author	Jian Li Zhanrui Leng Yueming Wu Guanlin Li Guangqian Ren Guirong Wu Yongcan Jiang Taitiya Kenneth Yuguda Daolin Du
author_facet	Jian Li Zhanrui Leng Yueming Wu Guanlin Li Guangqian Ren Guirong Wu Yongcan Jiang Taitiya Kenneth Yuguda Daolin Du
author_sort	Jian Li
title	The Impact of Sea Embankment Reclamation on Greenhouse Gas GHG Fluxes and Stocks in Invasive <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and Native <i>Phragmites australis</i> Wetland Marshes of East China
title_short	The Impact of Sea Embankment Reclamation on Greenhouse Gas GHG Fluxes and Stocks in Invasive <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and Native <i>Phragmites australis</i> Wetland Marshes of East China
title_full	The Impact of Sea Embankment Reclamation on Greenhouse Gas GHG Fluxes and Stocks in Invasive <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and Native <i>Phragmites australis</i> Wetland Marshes of East China
title_fullStr	The Impact of Sea Embankment Reclamation on Greenhouse Gas GHG Fluxes and Stocks in Invasive <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and Native <i>Phragmites australis</i> Wetland Marshes of East China
title_full_unstemmed	The Impact of Sea Embankment Reclamation on Greenhouse Gas GHG Fluxes and Stocks in Invasive <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and Native <i>Phragmites australis</i> Wetland Marshes of East China
title_sort	impact of sea embankment reclamation on greenhouse gas ghg fluxes and stocks in invasive <i>spartina alterniflora</i> and native <i>phragmites australis</i> wetland marshes of east china
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/fcc1dc8bde30451983eff61869a683da
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The Impact of Sea Embankment Reclamation on Greenhouse Gas GHG Fluxes and Stocks in Invasive <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> and Native <i>Phragmites australis</i> Wetland Marshes of East China

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