Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins and RNA Sorting Mechanisms for the Molecular Delivery by Exosomes

The advancement of precision medicine critically depends on the robustness and specificity of the carriers used for the targeted delivery of effector molecules in the human body. Numerous nanocarriers have been explored in vivo, to ensure the precise delivery of molecular cargos via tissue-specific...

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Autores principales:	Ilya Zubarev, Dmitry Vladimirtsev, Maria Vorontsova, Igor Blatov, Konstantin Shevchenko, Svetlana Zvereva, Evgenii A. Lunev, Evgeny Faizuloev, Nikolay Barlev
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	fusion protein extracellular vesicles target delivery RNA sorting Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/fcf54857f6dd4429a895f11de576924b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:fcf54857f6dd4429a895f11de576924b2021-11-25T17:10:47ZViral Membrane Fusion Proteins and RNA Sorting Mechanisms for the Molecular Delivery by Exosomes10.3390/cells101130432073-4409https://doaj.org/article/fcf54857f6dd4429a895f11de576924b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/3043https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4409The advancement of precision medicine critically depends on the robustness and specificity of the carriers used for the targeted delivery of effector molecules in the human body. Numerous nanocarriers have been explored in vivo, to ensure the precise delivery of molecular cargos via tissue-specific targeting, including the endocrine part of the pancreas, thyroid, and adrenal glands. However, even after reaching the target organ, the cargo-carrying vehicle needs to enter the cell and then escape lysosomal destruction. Most artificial nanocarriers suffer from intrinsic limitations that prevent them from completing the specific delivery of the cargo. In this respect, extracellular vesicles (EVs) seem to be the natural tool for payload delivery due to their versatility and low toxicity. However, EV-mediated delivery is not selective and is usually short-ranged. By inserting the viral membrane fusion proteins into exosomes, it is possible to increase the efficiency of membrane recognition and also ease the process of membrane fusion. This review describes the molecular details of the viral-assisted interaction between the target cell and EVs. We also discuss the question of the usability of viral fusion proteins in developing extracellular vesicle-based nanocarriers with a higher efficacy of payload delivery. Finally, this review specifically highlights the role of Gag and RNA binding proteins in RNA sorting into EVs.Ilya ZubarevDmitry VladimirtsevMaria VorontsovaIgor BlatovKonstantin ShevchenkoSvetlana ZverevaEvgenii A. LunevEvgeny FaizuloevNikolay BarlevMDPI AGarticlefusion proteinextracellular vesiclestarget deliveryRNA sortingBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENCells, Vol 10, Iss 3043, p 3043 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	fusion protein extracellular vesicles target delivery RNA sorting Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	fusion protein extracellular vesicles target delivery RNA sorting Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Ilya Zubarev Dmitry Vladimirtsev Maria Vorontsova Igor Blatov Konstantin Shevchenko Svetlana Zvereva Evgenii A. Lunev Evgeny Faizuloev Nikolay Barlev Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins and RNA Sorting Mechanisms for the Molecular Delivery by Exosomes
description	The advancement of precision medicine critically depends on the robustness and specificity of the carriers used for the targeted delivery of effector molecules in the human body. Numerous nanocarriers have been explored in vivo, to ensure the precise delivery of molecular cargos via tissue-specific targeting, including the endocrine part of the pancreas, thyroid, and adrenal glands. However, even after reaching the target organ, the cargo-carrying vehicle needs to enter the cell and then escape lysosomal destruction. Most artificial nanocarriers suffer from intrinsic limitations that prevent them from completing the specific delivery of the cargo. In this respect, extracellular vesicles (EVs) seem to be the natural tool for payload delivery due to their versatility and low toxicity. However, EV-mediated delivery is not selective and is usually short-ranged. By inserting the viral membrane fusion proteins into exosomes, it is possible to increase the efficiency of membrane recognition and also ease the process of membrane fusion. This review describes the molecular details of the viral-assisted interaction between the target cell and EVs. We also discuss the question of the usability of viral fusion proteins in developing extracellular vesicle-based nanocarriers with a higher efficacy of payload delivery. Finally, this review specifically highlights the role of Gag and RNA binding proteins in RNA sorting into EVs.
format	article
author	Ilya Zubarev Dmitry Vladimirtsev Maria Vorontsova Igor Blatov Konstantin Shevchenko Svetlana Zvereva Evgenii A. Lunev Evgeny Faizuloev Nikolay Barlev
author_facet	Ilya Zubarev Dmitry Vladimirtsev Maria Vorontsova Igor Blatov Konstantin Shevchenko Svetlana Zvereva Evgenii A. Lunev Evgeny Faizuloev Nikolay Barlev
author_sort	Ilya Zubarev
title	Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins and RNA Sorting Mechanisms for the Molecular Delivery by Exosomes
title_short	Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins and RNA Sorting Mechanisms for the Molecular Delivery by Exosomes
title_full	Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins and RNA Sorting Mechanisms for the Molecular Delivery by Exosomes
title_fullStr	Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins and RNA Sorting Mechanisms for the Molecular Delivery by Exosomes
title_full_unstemmed	Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins and RNA Sorting Mechanisms for the Molecular Delivery by Exosomes
title_sort	viral membrane fusion proteins and rna sorting mechanisms for the molecular delivery by exosomes
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/fcf54857f6dd4429a895f11de576924b
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Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins and RNA Sorting Mechanisms for the Molecular Delivery by Exosomes

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