Phthalanilic Acid with Biostimulatory Functions Affects Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Capacity and Improves Fruit Quality and Yield in Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> (L.) Walp.)

The widespread application of biostimulants with a growing trend represents sustainable practices aimed at improving growth and yield and alleviating stresses in green agricultural system. Phthalanilic acid (PPA), with biostimulatory functions, has been increasingly applied to fruit and vegetable pr...

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Autores principales:	Ting Ma, Qiong Wu, Na Liu, Rong Zhang, Zhiqing Ma
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	biostimulants photosynthetic characteristics antioxidant activity fruit Agriculture (General) S1-972
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/fd1cea512440440f9fe9696a0bf5ac65
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:fd1cea512440440f9fe9696a0bf5ac652021-11-25T15:58:50ZPhthalanilic Acid with Biostimulatory Functions Affects Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Capacity and Improves Fruit Quality and Yield in Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> (L.) Walp.)10.3390/agriculture111110822077-0472https://doaj.org/article/fd1cea512440440f9fe9696a0bf5ac652021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/11/1082https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0472The widespread application of biostimulants with a growing trend represents sustainable practices aimed at improving growth and yield and alleviating stresses in green agricultural system. Phthalanilic acid (PPA), with biostimulatory functions, has been increasingly applied to fruit and vegetable production. However, its specific biostimulatory effects on growth and development of cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>) plants is still unclear. In this study, the regulatory function of foliar spraying PPA at the flowering timing in morphometric (length, width, single pod weight and yield), physiological (relative electrical conductivity), and biochemical (antioxidant enzymes activity, photosynthetic pigment, malondialdehyde, vitamin C, soluble protein, and soluble sugar content) parameters of cowpea plants were investigated. In general, PPA treatments exhibited higher antioxidant enzymes activities (with an increase of 11.89–51.62% in POD), lower relative conductivity (with a decrease of 22.66–62.18%), increased photosynthetic pigment levels and amounts of free proline (with an increase of 24.62–90.52%), and decreased malondialdehyde. Furthermore, the length, width and weight of single pod, podding rate (with an increase of 19.64%), vitamin C, soluble protein (with an increase of 18.75%), and soluble sugar content were increased by 200 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> PPA. These data, together with an increased yield of 15.89%, suggest that PPA positively regulates the growth and development, improving fruit quality and yield, especially at 200 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>. This study indicates that PPA has biostimulatory effects in cowpea production and shows application prospect in field cultivation.Ting MaQiong WuNa LiuRong ZhangZhiqing MaMDPI AGarticlebiostimulantsphotosynthetic characteristicsantioxidant activityfruitAgriculture (General)S1-972ENAgriculture, Vol 11, Iss 1082, p 1082 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	biostimulants photosynthetic characteristics antioxidant activity fruit Agriculture (General) S1-972
spellingShingle	biostimulants photosynthetic characteristics antioxidant activity fruit Agriculture (General) S1-972 Ting Ma Qiong Wu Na Liu Rong Zhang Zhiqing Ma Phthalanilic Acid with Biostimulatory Functions Affects Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Capacity and Improves Fruit Quality and Yield in Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> (L.) Walp.)
description	The widespread application of biostimulants with a growing trend represents sustainable practices aimed at improving growth and yield and alleviating stresses in green agricultural system. Phthalanilic acid (PPA), with biostimulatory functions, has been increasingly applied to fruit and vegetable production. However, its specific biostimulatory effects on growth and development of cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>) plants is still unclear. In this study, the regulatory function of foliar spraying PPA at the flowering timing in morphometric (length, width, single pod weight and yield), physiological (relative electrical conductivity), and biochemical (antioxidant enzymes activity, photosynthetic pigment, malondialdehyde, vitamin C, soluble protein, and soluble sugar content) parameters of cowpea plants were investigated. In general, PPA treatments exhibited higher antioxidant enzymes activities (with an increase of 11.89–51.62% in POD), lower relative conductivity (with a decrease of 22.66–62.18%), increased photosynthetic pigment levels and amounts of free proline (with an increase of 24.62–90.52%), and decreased malondialdehyde. Furthermore, the length, width and weight of single pod, podding rate (with an increase of 19.64%), vitamin C, soluble protein (with an increase of 18.75%), and soluble sugar content were increased by 200 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> PPA. These data, together with an increased yield of 15.89%, suggest that PPA positively regulates the growth and development, improving fruit quality and yield, especially at 200 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>. This study indicates that PPA has biostimulatory effects in cowpea production and shows application prospect in field cultivation.
format	article
author	Ting Ma Qiong Wu Na Liu Rong Zhang Zhiqing Ma
author_facet	Ting Ma Qiong Wu Na Liu Rong Zhang Zhiqing Ma
author_sort	Ting Ma
title	Phthalanilic Acid with Biostimulatory Functions Affects Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Capacity and Improves Fruit Quality and Yield in Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> (L.) Walp.)
title_short	Phthalanilic Acid with Biostimulatory Functions Affects Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Capacity and Improves Fruit Quality and Yield in Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> (L.) Walp.)
title_full	Phthalanilic Acid with Biostimulatory Functions Affects Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Capacity and Improves Fruit Quality and Yield in Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> (L.) Walp.)
title_fullStr	Phthalanilic Acid with Biostimulatory Functions Affects Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Capacity and Improves Fruit Quality and Yield in Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> (L.) Walp.)
title_full_unstemmed	Phthalanilic Acid with Biostimulatory Functions Affects Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Capacity and Improves Fruit Quality and Yield in Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> (L.) Walp.)
title_sort	phthalanilic acid with biostimulatory functions affects photosynthetic and antioxidant capacity and improves fruit quality and yield in cowpea (<i>vigna unguiculata</i> (l.) walp.)
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/fd1cea512440440f9fe9696a0bf5ac65
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Phthalanilic Acid with Biostimulatory Functions Affects Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Capacity and Improves Fruit Quality and Yield in Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> (L.) Walp.)

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