Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Polyphenols and Anthocyanins from Saffron Processing Waste with Aqueous Organic Acid Solutions: Comparison with Stirred-Tank and Ultrasound-Assisted Techniques

Fοllow up with our previous study on the extraction of saffron processing waste polyphenols using deep eutectic solvents, the objective of this examination was a comparative evaluation of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), stirred-tank extraction (STE) and stirred-tank extraction with ultrasonicat...

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Autores principales:	Vasileios M. Pappas, Vassilis Athanasiadis, Dimitrios Palaiogiannis, Konstantina Poulianiti, Eleni Bozinou, Stavros I. Lalas, Dimitris P. Makris
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	anthocyanins antioxidants polyphenols pressurized-liquid extraction saffron ultrasonication Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/fd21e061fc7c4a18843cb4c9d92ab2ae
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:fd21e061fc7c4a18843cb4c9d92ab2ae2021-11-25T19:02:13ZPressurized Liquid Extraction of Polyphenols and Anthocyanins from Saffron Processing Waste with Aqueous Organic Acid Solutions: Comparison with Stirred-Tank and Ultrasound-Assisted Techniques10.3390/su1322125782071-1050https://doaj.org/article/fd21e061fc7c4a18843cb4c9d92ab2ae2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/22/12578https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050Fοllow up with our previous study on the extraction of saffron processing waste polyphenols using deep eutectic solvents, the objective of this examination was a comparative evaluation of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), stirred-tank extraction (STE) and stirred-tank extraction with ultrasonication pretreatment (STE/UP) with respect to the recovery of pigments and antioxidant polyphenols from saffron processing waste. Aqueous solutions of citric and lactic acids at two different concentrations were used as green solvents. The extracts obtained under the specified conditions were analyzed for total pigment and total polyphenol yields as well as for their ferric-reducing power and antiradical activity. Furthermore, each produced extract was analyzed with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to profile its analytical polyphenolic composition. In all cases, PLE provided inferior results compared to the two other techniques, producing extracts with lower polyphenolic concentration and weaker antioxidant properties. On the other hand, no specific pattern was detected concerning the effect of ultrasonication, acid type and acid concentration. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that stirred-tank extraction with 1% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) lactic acid and ultrasonication pretreatment might be the highest-performing combination, providing extracts with increased polyphenol and pigment concentration; however, it also enhanced antioxidant activity. It was also concluded that the significantly shorter extraction time when using PLE might be an important element in further optimizing the process, buttressing the use of this technique for the establishment of innovative and sustainable-by-design extraction methodologies.Vasileios M. PappasVassilis AthanasiadisDimitrios PalaiogiannisKonstantina PoulianitiEleni BozinouStavros I. LalasDimitris P. MakrisMDPI AGarticleanthocyaninsantioxidantspolyphenolspressurized-liquid extractionsaffronultrasonicationEnvironmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 12578, p 12578 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	anthocyanins antioxidants polyphenols pressurized-liquid extraction saffron ultrasonication Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	anthocyanins antioxidants polyphenols pressurized-liquid extraction saffron ultrasonication Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Vasileios M. Pappas Vassilis Athanasiadis Dimitrios Palaiogiannis Konstantina Poulianiti Eleni Bozinou Stavros I. Lalas Dimitris P. Makris Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Polyphenols and Anthocyanins from Saffron Processing Waste with Aqueous Organic Acid Solutions: Comparison with Stirred-Tank and Ultrasound-Assisted Techniques
description	Fοllow up with our previous study on the extraction of saffron processing waste polyphenols using deep eutectic solvents, the objective of this examination was a comparative evaluation of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), stirred-tank extraction (STE) and stirred-tank extraction with ultrasonication pretreatment (STE/UP) with respect to the recovery of pigments and antioxidant polyphenols from saffron processing waste. Aqueous solutions of citric and lactic acids at two different concentrations were used as green solvents. The extracts obtained under the specified conditions were analyzed for total pigment and total polyphenol yields as well as for their ferric-reducing power and antiradical activity. Furthermore, each produced extract was analyzed with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to profile its analytical polyphenolic composition. In all cases, PLE provided inferior results compared to the two other techniques, producing extracts with lower polyphenolic concentration and weaker antioxidant properties. On the other hand, no specific pattern was detected concerning the effect of ultrasonication, acid type and acid concentration. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that stirred-tank extraction with 1% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) lactic acid and ultrasonication pretreatment might be the highest-performing combination, providing extracts with increased polyphenol and pigment concentration; however, it also enhanced antioxidant activity. It was also concluded that the significantly shorter extraction time when using PLE might be an important element in further optimizing the process, buttressing the use of this technique for the establishment of innovative and sustainable-by-design extraction methodologies.
format	article
author	Vasileios M. Pappas Vassilis Athanasiadis Dimitrios Palaiogiannis Konstantina Poulianiti Eleni Bozinou Stavros I. Lalas Dimitris P. Makris
author_facet	Vasileios M. Pappas Vassilis Athanasiadis Dimitrios Palaiogiannis Konstantina Poulianiti Eleni Bozinou Stavros I. Lalas Dimitris P. Makris
author_sort	Vasileios M. Pappas
title	Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Polyphenols and Anthocyanins from Saffron Processing Waste with Aqueous Organic Acid Solutions: Comparison with Stirred-Tank and Ultrasound-Assisted Techniques
title_short	Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Polyphenols and Anthocyanins from Saffron Processing Waste with Aqueous Organic Acid Solutions: Comparison with Stirred-Tank and Ultrasound-Assisted Techniques
title_full	Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Polyphenols and Anthocyanins from Saffron Processing Waste with Aqueous Organic Acid Solutions: Comparison with Stirred-Tank and Ultrasound-Assisted Techniques
title_fullStr	Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Polyphenols and Anthocyanins from Saffron Processing Waste with Aqueous Organic Acid Solutions: Comparison with Stirred-Tank and Ultrasound-Assisted Techniques
title_full_unstemmed	Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Polyphenols and Anthocyanins from Saffron Processing Waste with Aqueous Organic Acid Solutions: Comparison with Stirred-Tank and Ultrasound-Assisted Techniques
title_sort	pressurized liquid extraction of polyphenols and anthocyanins from saffron processing waste with aqueous organic acid solutions: comparison with stirred-tank and ultrasound-assisted techniques
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/fd21e061fc7c4a18843cb4c9d92ab2ae
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Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Polyphenols and Anthocyanins from Saffron Processing Waste with Aqueous Organic Acid Solutions: Comparison with Stirred-Tank and Ultrasound-Assisted Techniques

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