Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges

Global water resources are under pressure due to increasing population and diminishing conventional water resources caused by global warming. Water scarcity is a daunting global problem which has prompted efforts to find unconventional resources as an appealing substitute for conventional water, par...

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Autores principales:	Zahra Karimidastenaei, Björn Klöve, Mojtaba Sadegh, Ali Torabi Haghighi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	water scarcity iceberg water utilization global map Mann–Kendall test Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/fead9973ec394c4bb667f1642ad576bb
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:fead9973ec394c4bb667f1642ad576bb2021-11-25T19:15:40ZPolar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges10.3390/w132232202073-4441https://doaj.org/article/fead9973ec394c4bb667f1642ad576bb2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/22/3220https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441Global water resources are under pressure due to increasing population and diminishing conventional water resources caused by global warming. Water scarcity is a daunting global problem which has prompted efforts to find unconventional resources as an appealing substitute for conventional water, particularly in arid and semiarid regions. Ice is one such unconventional water resource, which is available mainly in the Arctic and Antarctic. In this study, opportunities and challenges in iceberg utilization as a source of freshwater were investigated on the basis of a systematic literature review (SLR). A search in three databases (Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest) yielded 47 separate studies from 1974 to 2019. The SLR indicated that harvesting iceberg water, one of the purest sources of water, offers benefits ranging from supplying freshwater and creating new jobs to avoiding iceberg damage to offshore structures. Economic considerations and risks associated with iceberg towing were identified as the main limitations to iceberg harvesting, while environmental impacts were identified as the main challenge to exploiting this resource. Assessment of trends in ice sheets in Arctic and Antarctic across different spatiotemporal scales indicated that the main sources of icebergs showed a statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.01) decreasing trend for all months and seasons during 2005–2019.Zahra KarimidastenaeiBjörn KlöveMojtaba SadeghAli Torabi HaghighiMDPI AGarticlewater scarcityiceberg water utilizationglobal mapMann–Kendall testHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 3220, p 3220 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	water scarcity iceberg water utilization global map Mann–Kendall test Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	water scarcity iceberg water utilization global map Mann–Kendall test Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Zahra Karimidastenaei Björn Klöve Mojtaba Sadegh Ali Torabi Haghighi Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges
description	Global water resources are under pressure due to increasing population and diminishing conventional water resources caused by global warming. Water scarcity is a daunting global problem which has prompted efforts to find unconventional resources as an appealing substitute for conventional water, particularly in arid and semiarid regions. Ice is one such unconventional water resource, which is available mainly in the Arctic and Antarctic. In this study, opportunities and challenges in iceberg utilization as a source of freshwater were investigated on the basis of a systematic literature review (SLR). A search in three databases (Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest) yielded 47 separate studies from 1974 to 2019. The SLR indicated that harvesting iceberg water, one of the purest sources of water, offers benefits ranging from supplying freshwater and creating new jobs to avoiding iceberg damage to offshore structures. Economic considerations and risks associated with iceberg towing were identified as the main limitations to iceberg harvesting, while environmental impacts were identified as the main challenge to exploiting this resource. Assessment of trends in ice sheets in Arctic and Antarctic across different spatiotemporal scales indicated that the main sources of icebergs showed a statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.01) decreasing trend for all months and seasons during 2005–2019.
format	article
author	Zahra Karimidastenaei Björn Klöve Mojtaba Sadegh Ali Torabi Haghighi
author_facet	Zahra Karimidastenaei Björn Klöve Mojtaba Sadegh Ali Torabi Haghighi
author_sort	Zahra Karimidastenaei
title	Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges
title_short	Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges
title_full	Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges
title_fullStr	Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges
title_full_unstemmed	Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges
title_sort	polar ice as an unconventional water resource: opportunities and challenges
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/fead9973ec394c4bb667f1642ad576bb
work_keys_str_mv	AT zahrakarimidastenaei polariceasanunconventionalwaterresourceopportunitiesandchallenges AT bjornklove polariceasanunconventionalwaterresourceopportunitiesandchallenges AT mojtabasadegh polariceasanunconventionalwaterresourceopportunitiesandchallenges AT alitorabihaghighi polariceasanunconventionalwaterresourceopportunitiesandchallenges
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Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges

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