Monitoring Bone Density Using Microwave Tomography of Human Legs: A Numerical Feasibility Study

A major cause of bone mass loss worldwide is osteoporosis. X-ray is considered to be the gold-standard technique to diagnose this disease. However, there is currently a need for an alternative modality due to the ionizing radiations used in X-rays. In this vein, we conducted a numerical study herein...

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Autores principales:	Mohanad Alkhodari, Amer Zakaria, Nasser Qaddoumi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	microwave tomography two-dimensional imaging electromagnetic signals finite-element method contrast-source inversion bone imaging Chemical technology TP1-1185
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/fec2bf707e634261b6c0e773dcfc4626
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:fec2bf707e634261b6c0e773dcfc46262021-11-11T19:05:43ZMonitoring Bone Density Using Microwave Tomography of Human Legs: A Numerical Feasibility Study10.3390/s212170781424-8220https://doaj.org/article/fec2bf707e634261b6c0e773dcfc46262021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7078https://doaj.org/toc/1424-8220A major cause of bone mass loss worldwide is osteoporosis. X-ray is considered to be the gold-standard technique to diagnose this disease. However, there is currently a need for an alternative modality due to the ionizing radiations used in X-rays. In this vein, we conducted a numerical study herein to investigate the feasibility of using microwave tomography (MWT) to detect bone density variations that are correlated to variations in the complex relative permittivity within the reconstructed images. This study was performed using an in-house finite-element method contrast source inversion algorithm (FEM-CSI). Three anatomically-realistic human leg models based on magnetic resonance imaging reconstructions were created. Each model represents a leg with a distinct fat layer thickness; thus, the three models are for legs with thin, medium, and thick fat layers. In addition to using conventional matching media in the numerical study, the use of commercially available and cheap ultrasound gel was evaluated prior to bone image analysis. The inversion algorithm successfully localized bones in the thin and medium fat scenarios. In addition, bone volume variations were found to be inversely proportional to their relative permittivity in the reconstructed images with the root mean square error as low as 2.54. The observations found in this study suggest MWT as a promising bone imaging modality owing to its safe and non-ionizing radiations used in imaging objects with high quality.Mohanad AlkhodariAmer ZakariaNasser QaddoumiMDPI AGarticlemicrowave tomographytwo-dimensional imagingelectromagnetic signalsfinite-element methodcontrast-source inversionbone imagingChemical technologyTP1-1185ENSensors, Vol 21, Iss 7078, p 7078 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	microwave tomography two-dimensional imaging electromagnetic signals finite-element method contrast-source inversion bone imaging Chemical technology TP1-1185
spellingShingle	microwave tomography two-dimensional imaging electromagnetic signals finite-element method contrast-source inversion bone imaging Chemical technology TP1-1185 Mohanad Alkhodari Amer Zakaria Nasser Qaddoumi Monitoring Bone Density Using Microwave Tomography of Human Legs: A Numerical Feasibility Study
description	A major cause of bone mass loss worldwide is osteoporosis. X-ray is considered to be the gold-standard technique to diagnose this disease. However, there is currently a need for an alternative modality due to the ionizing radiations used in X-rays. In this vein, we conducted a numerical study herein to investigate the feasibility of using microwave tomography (MWT) to detect bone density variations that are correlated to variations in the complex relative permittivity within the reconstructed images. This study was performed using an in-house finite-element method contrast source inversion algorithm (FEM-CSI). Three anatomically-realistic human leg models based on magnetic resonance imaging reconstructions were created. Each model represents a leg with a distinct fat layer thickness; thus, the three models are for legs with thin, medium, and thick fat layers. In addition to using conventional matching media in the numerical study, the use of commercially available and cheap ultrasound gel was evaluated prior to bone image analysis. The inversion algorithm successfully localized bones in the thin and medium fat scenarios. In addition, bone volume variations were found to be inversely proportional to their relative permittivity in the reconstructed images with the root mean square error as low as 2.54. The observations found in this study suggest MWT as a promising bone imaging modality owing to its safe and non-ionizing radiations used in imaging objects with high quality.
format	article
author	Mohanad Alkhodari Amer Zakaria Nasser Qaddoumi
author_facet	Mohanad Alkhodari Amer Zakaria Nasser Qaddoumi
author_sort	Mohanad Alkhodari
title	Monitoring Bone Density Using Microwave Tomography of Human Legs: A Numerical Feasibility Study
title_short	Monitoring Bone Density Using Microwave Tomography of Human Legs: A Numerical Feasibility Study
title_full	Monitoring Bone Density Using Microwave Tomography of Human Legs: A Numerical Feasibility Study
title_fullStr	Monitoring Bone Density Using Microwave Tomography of Human Legs: A Numerical Feasibility Study
title_full_unstemmed	Monitoring Bone Density Using Microwave Tomography of Human Legs: A Numerical Feasibility Study
title_sort	monitoring bone density using microwave tomography of human legs: a numerical feasibility study
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/fec2bf707e634261b6c0e773dcfc4626
work_keys_str_mv	AT mohanadalkhodari monitoringbonedensityusingmicrowavetomographyofhumanlegsanumericalfeasibilitystudy AT amerzakaria monitoringbonedensityusingmicrowavetomographyofhumanlegsanumericalfeasibilitystudy AT nasserqaddoumi monitoringbonedensityusingmicrowavetomographyofhumanlegsanumericalfeasibilitystudy
_version_	1718431682926739456

Monitoring Bone Density Using Microwave Tomography of Human Legs: A Numerical Feasibility Study

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