Effect of transportation and social isolation on facial expressions of healthy horses.

Horses have the ability to generate a remarkable repertoire of facial expressions, some of which have been linked to the affective component of pain. This study describes the facial expressions in healthy horses free of pain before and during transportation and social isolation, which are putatively...

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Autores principales:	Johan Lundblad, Maheen Rashid, Marie Rhodin, Pia Haubro Andersen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/fef48180d88941e6ba55eeb87fee5b44
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:fef48180d88941e6ba55eeb87fee5b442021-12-02T20:03:55ZEffect of transportation and social isolation on facial expressions of healthy horses.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0241532https://doaj.org/article/fef48180d88941e6ba55eeb87fee5b442021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241532https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Horses have the ability to generate a remarkable repertoire of facial expressions, some of which have been linked to the affective component of pain. This study describes the facial expressions in healthy horses free of pain before and during transportation and social isolation, which are putatively stressful but ordinary management procedures. Transportation was performed in 28 horses by subjecting them to short-term road transport in a horse trailer. A subgroup (n = 10) of these horses was also subjected to short-term social isolation. During all procedures, a body-mounted, remote-controlled heart rate monitor provided continuous heart rate measurements. The horses' heads were video-recorded during the interventions. An exhaustive dataset was generated from the selected video clips of all possible facial action units and action descriptors, time of emergency, duration, and frequency according to the Equine Facial Action Coding System (EquiFACS). Heart rate increased during both interventions (p<0.01), confirming that they caused disruption in sympato-vagal balance. Using the current method for ascribing certain action units (AUs) to specific emotional states in humans and a novel data-driven co-occurrence method, the following facial traits were observed during both interventions: eye white increase (p<0.001), nostril dilator (p<0.001), upper eyelid raiser (p<0.001), inner brow raiser (p = 0.042), tongue show (p<0.001). Increases in 'ear flicker' (p<0.001) and blink frequency (p<0.001) were also seen. These facial actions were used to train a machine-learning classifier to discriminate between the high-arousal interventions and calm horses, which achieved at most 79% accuracy. Most facial features identified correspond well with previous findings on behaviors of stressed horses, for example flared nostrils, repetitive mouth behaviors, increased eye white, tongue show, and ear movements. Several features identified in this study of pain-free horses, such as dilated nostrils, eye white increase, and inner brow raiser, are used as indicators of pain in some face-based pain assessment tools. In order to increase performance parameters in pain assessment tools, the relations between facial expressions of stress and pain should be studied further.Johan LundbladMaheen RashidMarie RhodinPia Haubro AndersenPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 6, p e0241532 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Johan Lundblad Maheen Rashid Marie Rhodin Pia Haubro Andersen Effect of transportation and social isolation on facial expressions of healthy horses.
description	Horses have the ability to generate a remarkable repertoire of facial expressions, some of which have been linked to the affective component of pain. This study describes the facial expressions in healthy horses free of pain before and during transportation and social isolation, which are putatively stressful but ordinary management procedures. Transportation was performed in 28 horses by subjecting them to short-term road transport in a horse trailer. A subgroup (n = 10) of these horses was also subjected to short-term social isolation. During all procedures, a body-mounted, remote-controlled heart rate monitor provided continuous heart rate measurements. The horses' heads were video-recorded during the interventions. An exhaustive dataset was generated from the selected video clips of all possible facial action units and action descriptors, time of emergency, duration, and frequency according to the Equine Facial Action Coding System (EquiFACS). Heart rate increased during both interventions (p<0.01), confirming that they caused disruption in sympato-vagal balance. Using the current method for ascribing certain action units (AUs) to specific emotional states in humans and a novel data-driven co-occurrence method, the following facial traits were observed during both interventions: eye white increase (p<0.001), nostril dilator (p<0.001), upper eyelid raiser (p<0.001), inner brow raiser (p = 0.042), tongue show (p<0.001). Increases in 'ear flicker' (p<0.001) and blink frequency (p<0.001) were also seen. These facial actions were used to train a machine-learning classifier to discriminate between the high-arousal interventions and calm horses, which achieved at most 79% accuracy. Most facial features identified correspond well with previous findings on behaviors of stressed horses, for example flared nostrils, repetitive mouth behaviors, increased eye white, tongue show, and ear movements. Several features identified in this study of pain-free horses, such as dilated nostrils, eye white increase, and inner brow raiser, are used as indicators of pain in some face-based pain assessment tools. In order to increase performance parameters in pain assessment tools, the relations between facial expressions of stress and pain should be studied further.
format	article
author	Johan Lundblad Maheen Rashid Marie Rhodin Pia Haubro Andersen
author_facet	Johan Lundblad Maheen Rashid Marie Rhodin Pia Haubro Andersen
author_sort	Johan Lundblad
title	Effect of transportation and social isolation on facial expressions of healthy horses.
title_short	Effect of transportation and social isolation on facial expressions of healthy horses.
title_full	Effect of transportation and social isolation on facial expressions of healthy horses.
title_fullStr	Effect of transportation and social isolation on facial expressions of healthy horses.
title_full_unstemmed	Effect of transportation and social isolation on facial expressions of healthy horses.
title_sort	effect of transportation and social isolation on facial expressions of healthy horses.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/fef48180d88941e6ba55eeb87fee5b44
work_keys_str_mv	AT johanlundblad effectoftransportationandsocialisolationonfacialexpressionsofhealthyhorses AT maheenrashid effectoftransportationandsocialisolationonfacialexpressionsofhealthyhorses AT marierhodin effectoftransportationandsocialisolationonfacialexpressionsofhealthyhorses AT piahaubroandersen effectoftransportationandsocialisolationonfacialexpressionsofhealthyhorses
_version_	1718375641623035904

Effect of transportation and social isolation on facial expressions of healthy horses.

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