Disarming Pore-Forming Toxins with Biomimetic Nanosponges in Intraocular Infections

ABSTRACT Intraocular infections are prevalent after traumatic injuries or after common ocular surgeries. Infections cause inflammation that can damage the retina and architecture of the eye, often resulting in poor visual outcomes. Severe cases may result in blindness or require enucleation of the e...

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Autores principales:	Phillip S. Coburn, Frederick C. Miller, Austin L. LaGrow, Craig Land, Huzzatul Mursalin, Erin Livingston, Omar Amayem, Yijie Chen, Weiwei Gao, Liangfang Zhang, Michelle C. Callegan
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2019
Materias:	antibiotic endophthalmitis eye infection nanoparticle Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/fefdd88968b94f6a81c1c5dbdb9b386e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:fefdd88968b94f6a81c1c5dbdb9b386e2021-11-15T15:22:20ZDisarming Pore-Forming Toxins with Biomimetic Nanosponges in Intraocular Infections10.1128/mSphere.00262-192379-5042https://doaj.org/article/fefdd88968b94f6a81c1c5dbdb9b386e2019-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00262-19https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5042ABSTRACT Intraocular infections are prevalent after traumatic injuries or after common ocular surgeries. Infections cause inflammation that can damage the retina and architecture of the eye, often resulting in poor visual outcomes. Severe cases may result in blindness or require enucleation of the eye. Treatments for intraocular infections include intravitreal antibiotics and corticosteroids or surgical vitrectomy in serious cases. The increase in multidrug-resistant infections calls for novel treatment options. In the present study, a biomimetic erythrocyte-derived nanosponge was tested for the ability to neutralize pore-forming toxins from the most frequent Gram-positive bacterial causes of intraocular infections (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus cereus). Nanosponge pretreatment of supernatants reduced hemolytic activity in vitro. In a murine sterile endophthalmitis model, nanosponge pretreatment of injected supernatants resulted in greater retinal function and less ocular pathology compared to that in eyes injected with untreated supernatants from all pathogens except methicillin-resistant S. aureus. In a murine bacterial endophthalmitis model, treatment with gatifloxacin and gatifloxacin-nanosponges reduced intraocular bacterial burdens, except in the case of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. For all pathogens, eyes in both treatment groups showed decreased ocular pathology and inflammation. Overall, reductions in retinal function loss afforded by gatifloxacin-nanosponge treatment were significant for E. faecalis, S. pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus but not for B. cereus and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. These results suggest that clinical improvements in intraocular infections following nanosponge treatment were dependent on the complexity and types of toxins produced. Nanosponges might serve as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of ocular infections. IMPORTANCE Endophthalmitis is a blinding consequence of bacterial invasion of the interior of the eye. Because of increases in the numbers of ocular surgeries and intraocular injections, the incidence of endophthalmitis is steadily increasing. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus cereus are leading causes of infection following ocular procedures and trauma and are increasingly more difficult to treat due to multidrug resistance. Each of these pathogens produces pore-forming toxins that contribute to the pathogenesis of endophthalmitis. Treatment of these infections with antibiotics alone is insufficient to prevent damage to the retina and vision loss. Therefore, novel therapeutics are needed that include agents that neutralize bacterial pore-forming toxins. Here, we demonstrate that biomimetic nanosponges neutralize pore-forming toxins from these ocular pathogens and aid in preserving retinal function. Nanosponges may represent a new form of adjunct antitoxin therapy for serious potentially blinding intraocular infections.Phillip S. CoburnFrederick C. MillerAustin L. LaGrowCraig LandHuzzatul MursalinErin LivingstonOmar AmayemYijie ChenWeiwei GaoLiangfang ZhangMichelle C. CalleganAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleantibioticendophthalmitiseyeinfectionnanoparticleMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSphere, Vol 4, Iss 3 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	antibiotic endophthalmitis eye infection nanoparticle Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	antibiotic endophthalmitis eye infection nanoparticle Microbiology QR1-502 Phillip S. Coburn Frederick C. Miller Austin L. LaGrow Craig Land Huzzatul Mursalin Erin Livingston Omar Amayem Yijie Chen Weiwei Gao Liangfang Zhang Michelle C. Callegan Disarming Pore-Forming Toxins with Biomimetic Nanosponges in Intraocular Infections
description	ABSTRACT Intraocular infections are prevalent after traumatic injuries or after common ocular surgeries. Infections cause inflammation that can damage the retina and architecture of the eye, often resulting in poor visual outcomes. Severe cases may result in blindness or require enucleation of the eye. Treatments for intraocular infections include intravitreal antibiotics and corticosteroids or surgical vitrectomy in serious cases. The increase in multidrug-resistant infections calls for novel treatment options. In the present study, a biomimetic erythrocyte-derived nanosponge was tested for the ability to neutralize pore-forming toxins from the most frequent Gram-positive bacterial causes of intraocular infections (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus cereus). Nanosponge pretreatment of supernatants reduced hemolytic activity in vitro. In a murine sterile endophthalmitis model, nanosponge pretreatment of injected supernatants resulted in greater retinal function and less ocular pathology compared to that in eyes injected with untreated supernatants from all pathogens except methicillin-resistant S. aureus. In a murine bacterial endophthalmitis model, treatment with gatifloxacin and gatifloxacin-nanosponges reduced intraocular bacterial burdens, except in the case of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. For all pathogens, eyes in both treatment groups showed decreased ocular pathology and inflammation. Overall, reductions in retinal function loss afforded by gatifloxacin-nanosponge treatment were significant for E. faecalis, S. pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus but not for B. cereus and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. These results suggest that clinical improvements in intraocular infections following nanosponge treatment were dependent on the complexity and types of toxins produced. Nanosponges might serve as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of ocular infections. IMPORTANCE Endophthalmitis is a blinding consequence of bacterial invasion of the interior of the eye. Because of increases in the numbers of ocular surgeries and intraocular injections, the incidence of endophthalmitis is steadily increasing. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus cereus are leading causes of infection following ocular procedures and trauma and are increasingly more difficult to treat due to multidrug resistance. Each of these pathogens produces pore-forming toxins that contribute to the pathogenesis of endophthalmitis. Treatment of these infections with antibiotics alone is insufficient to prevent damage to the retina and vision loss. Therefore, novel therapeutics are needed that include agents that neutralize bacterial pore-forming toxins. Here, we demonstrate that biomimetic nanosponges neutralize pore-forming toxins from these ocular pathogens and aid in preserving retinal function. Nanosponges may represent a new form of adjunct antitoxin therapy for serious potentially blinding intraocular infections.
format	article
author	Phillip S. Coburn Frederick C. Miller Austin L. LaGrow Craig Land Huzzatul Mursalin Erin Livingston Omar Amayem Yijie Chen Weiwei Gao Liangfang Zhang Michelle C. Callegan
author_facet	Phillip S. Coburn Frederick C. Miller Austin L. LaGrow Craig Land Huzzatul Mursalin Erin Livingston Omar Amayem Yijie Chen Weiwei Gao Liangfang Zhang Michelle C. Callegan
author_sort	Phillip S. Coburn
title	Disarming Pore-Forming Toxins with Biomimetic Nanosponges in Intraocular Infections
title_short	Disarming Pore-Forming Toxins with Biomimetic Nanosponges in Intraocular Infections
title_full	Disarming Pore-Forming Toxins with Biomimetic Nanosponges in Intraocular Infections
title_fullStr	Disarming Pore-Forming Toxins with Biomimetic Nanosponges in Intraocular Infections
title_full_unstemmed	Disarming Pore-Forming Toxins with Biomimetic Nanosponges in Intraocular Infections
title_sort	disarming pore-forming toxins with biomimetic nanosponges in intraocular infections
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/fefdd88968b94f6a81c1c5dbdb9b386e
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Disarming Pore-Forming Toxins with Biomimetic Nanosponges in Intraocular Infections

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