The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors

The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has been found in all visual parts of the central ner-vous system and plays a role in the processing of visual information in many species, including monkeys and humans. Using anatomical methods, cannabinoid receptors are present in the monkey retina, particularly in...

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Autores principales:	Joseph Bouskila, Maxime Bleau, Catarina Micaelo-Fernandes, Jean-François Bouchard, Maurice Ptito
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	retina typical cannabinoid receptors atypical cannabinoid receptors immunohistochemistry electroretinography monkeys Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ff36515b206340508c29e5281371c329
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ff36515b206340508c29e5281371c3292021-11-25T17:12:08ZThe Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors10.3390/cells101131602073-4409https://doaj.org/article/ff36515b206340508c29e5281371c3292021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/3160https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4409The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has been found in all visual parts of the central ner-vous system and plays a role in the processing of visual information in many species, including monkeys and humans. Using anatomical methods, cannabinoid receptors are present in the monkey retina, particularly in the vertical glutamatergic pathway, and also in the horizontal GABAergic pathway. Modulating the eCB system regulates normal retinal function as demonstrated by electrophysiological recordings. The characterization of the expression patterns of all types of cannabinoid receptors in the retina is progressing, and further research is needed to elucidate their exact role in processing visual information. Typical cannabinoid receptors include G-protein coupled receptor CB1R and CB2R, and atypical cannabinoid receptors include the G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and the ion channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). This review focuses on the expression and localization studies carried out in monkeys, but some data on other animal species and humans will also be reported. Furthermore, the role of the endogenous cannabinoid receptors in retinal function will also be presented using intraocular injections of known modulators (agonists and antagonists) on electroretinographic patterns in monkeys. The effects of the natural bioactive lipid lysophosphatidylglucoside and synthetic FAAH inhibitor URB597 on retinal function, will also be described. Finally, the potential of typical and atypical cannabinoid receptor acti-vity regulation in retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and retinitis pigmentosa will be briefly explored.Joseph BouskilaMaxime BleauCatarina Micaelo-FernandesJean-François BouchardMaurice PtitoMDPI AGarticleretinatypical cannabinoid receptorsatypical cannabinoid receptorsimmunohistochemistryelectroretinographymonkeysBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENCells, Vol 10, Iss 3160, p 3160 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	retina typical cannabinoid receptors atypical cannabinoid receptors immunohistochemistry electroretinography monkeys Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	retina typical cannabinoid receptors atypical cannabinoid receptors immunohistochemistry electroretinography monkeys Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Joseph Bouskila Maxime Bleau Catarina Micaelo-Fernandes Jean-François Bouchard Maurice Ptito The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors
description	The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has been found in all visual parts of the central ner-vous system and plays a role in the processing of visual information in many species, including monkeys and humans. Using anatomical methods, cannabinoid receptors are present in the monkey retina, particularly in the vertical glutamatergic pathway, and also in the horizontal GABAergic pathway. Modulating the eCB system regulates normal retinal function as demonstrated by electrophysiological recordings. The characterization of the expression patterns of all types of cannabinoid receptors in the retina is progressing, and further research is needed to elucidate their exact role in processing visual information. Typical cannabinoid receptors include G-protein coupled receptor CB1R and CB2R, and atypical cannabinoid receptors include the G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and the ion channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). This review focuses on the expression and localization studies carried out in monkeys, but some data on other animal species and humans will also be reported. Furthermore, the role of the endogenous cannabinoid receptors in retinal function will also be presented using intraocular injections of known modulators (agonists and antagonists) on electroretinographic patterns in monkeys. The effects of the natural bioactive lipid lysophosphatidylglucoside and synthetic FAAH inhibitor URB597 on retinal function, will also be described. Finally, the potential of typical and atypical cannabinoid receptor acti-vity regulation in retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and retinitis pigmentosa will be briefly explored.
format	article
author	Joseph Bouskila Maxime Bleau Catarina Micaelo-Fernandes Jean-François Bouchard Maurice Ptito
author_facet	Joseph Bouskila Maxime Bleau Catarina Micaelo-Fernandes Jean-François Bouchard Maurice Ptito
author_sort	Joseph Bouskila
title	The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors
title_short	The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors
title_full	The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors
title_fullStr	The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors
title_full_unstemmed	The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors
title_sort	vertical and horizontal pathways in the monkey retina are modulated by typical and atypical cannabinoid receptors
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ff36515b206340508c29e5281371c329
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The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors

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