Topical ivermectin is a highly effective seal ‘spot-on’: A randomised trial of hookworm and lice treatment in the endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea)

The Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) is an endangered and declining otariid species, with a high rate of pup mortality associated with endemic hookworm (Uncinaria sanguinis) infection a suspected contributor to this decline. Injected ivermectin is an effective treatment for Uncinaria sp. in ot...

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Autores principales:	Scott A. Lindsay, Charles G.B. Caraguel, Rachael Gray
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Australian sea lion Hookworm Ivermectin Lice Neophoca cinerea Uncinaria sanguinis Zoology QL1-991
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ff6cd9036e39413caf231f8f657fd797
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ff6cd9036e39413caf231f8f657fd7972021-11-28T04:31:22ZTopical ivermectin is a highly effective seal ‘spot-on’: A randomised trial of hookworm and lice treatment in the endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea)2213-224410.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.11.002https://doaj.org/article/ff6cd9036e39413caf231f8f657fd7972021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224421001152https://doaj.org/toc/2213-2244The Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) is an endangered and declining otariid species, with a high rate of pup mortality associated with endemic hookworm (Uncinaria sanguinis) infection a suspected contributor to this decline. Injected ivermectin is an effective treatment for Uncinaria sp. in otariids, with optimal outcomes achieved by the early treatment of pups prior to disease development. This randomised controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of the novel use of a topical ivermectin formulation against hookworm infection and lice (Antarctophthirus microchir) infestation, in comparison with injected ivermectin. During the 2017 breeding season at Dangerous Reef, South Australia, pups ≤ 70 cm in standard length (≤ 2 weeks of age; n = 85) were randomised to single dose topical (500 μg/kg spot-on; n = 27) or injected (200 μg/kg subcutaneous; n = 29) ivermectin treatment groups, or to an untreated control group (n = 29). Topical ivermectin was highly effective for U. sanguinis elimination, and not significantly different to the injected formulation (estimated effectiveness 96.4% and 96.8%, respectively; P > 0.05). Its application resulted in an 81.6% reduction and 62.7% additional clearance for A. microchir infestation by 15–24 days post-treatment, compared with untreated control pups (also not significantly different to injected ivermectin; 83.1% and 59.4%, respectively; P > 0.05). Treatment with either ivermectin formulation significantly ameliorated increases in inflammatory markers detected in the blood of untreated control pups – peripheral blood eosinophil counts (persisting to 36–41 days post-recruitment P < 0.05) and increased plasma protein concentrations (15–24 days post-recruitment; P < 0.05). Further, an initial short-term decrease in body condition in the control group was not observed in either of the treatment groups. This study demonstrates that topical ivermectin is an effective antiparasitic treatment in N. cinerea. It offers an alternative administration method for ivermectin delivery to a young pup cohort in this species, and an alternative, minimally invasive management tool for species conservation.Scott A. LindsayCharles G.B. CaraguelRachael GrayElsevierarticleAustralian sea lionHookwormIvermectinLiceNeophoca cinereaUncinaria sanguinisZoologyQL1-991ENInternational Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, Vol 16, Iss , Pp 275-284 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Australian sea lion Hookworm Ivermectin Lice Neophoca cinerea Uncinaria sanguinis Zoology QL1-991
spellingShingle	Australian sea lion Hookworm Ivermectin Lice Neophoca cinerea Uncinaria sanguinis Zoology QL1-991 Scott A. Lindsay Charles G.B. Caraguel Rachael Gray Topical ivermectin is a highly effective seal ‘spot-on’: A randomised trial of hookworm and lice treatment in the endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea)
description	The Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) is an endangered and declining otariid species, with a high rate of pup mortality associated with endemic hookworm (Uncinaria sanguinis) infection a suspected contributor to this decline. Injected ivermectin is an effective treatment for Uncinaria sp. in otariids, with optimal outcomes achieved by the early treatment of pups prior to disease development. This randomised controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of the novel use of a topical ivermectin formulation against hookworm infection and lice (Antarctophthirus microchir) infestation, in comparison with injected ivermectin. During the 2017 breeding season at Dangerous Reef, South Australia, pups ≤ 70 cm in standard length (≤ 2 weeks of age; n = 85) were randomised to single dose topical (500 μg/kg spot-on; n = 27) or injected (200 μg/kg subcutaneous; n = 29) ivermectin treatment groups, or to an untreated control group (n = 29). Topical ivermectin was highly effective for U. sanguinis elimination, and not significantly different to the injected formulation (estimated effectiveness 96.4% and 96.8%, respectively; P > 0.05). Its application resulted in an 81.6% reduction and 62.7% additional clearance for A. microchir infestation by 15–24 days post-treatment, compared with untreated control pups (also not significantly different to injected ivermectin; 83.1% and 59.4%, respectively; P > 0.05). Treatment with either ivermectin formulation significantly ameliorated increases in inflammatory markers detected in the blood of untreated control pups – peripheral blood eosinophil counts (persisting to 36–41 days post-recruitment P < 0.05) and increased plasma protein concentrations (15–24 days post-recruitment; P < 0.05). Further, an initial short-term decrease in body condition in the control group was not observed in either of the treatment groups. This study demonstrates that topical ivermectin is an effective antiparasitic treatment in N. cinerea. It offers an alternative administration method for ivermectin delivery to a young pup cohort in this species, and an alternative, minimally invasive management tool for species conservation.
format	article
author	Scott A. Lindsay Charles G.B. Caraguel Rachael Gray
author_facet	Scott A. Lindsay Charles G.B. Caraguel Rachael Gray
author_sort	Scott A. Lindsay
title	Topical ivermectin is a highly effective seal ‘spot-on’: A randomised trial of hookworm and lice treatment in the endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea)
title_short	Topical ivermectin is a highly effective seal ‘spot-on’: A randomised trial of hookworm and lice treatment in the endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea)
title_full	Topical ivermectin is a highly effective seal ‘spot-on’: A randomised trial of hookworm and lice treatment in the endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea)
title_fullStr	Topical ivermectin is a highly effective seal ‘spot-on’: A randomised trial of hookworm and lice treatment in the endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea)
title_full_unstemmed	Topical ivermectin is a highly effective seal ‘spot-on’: A randomised trial of hookworm and lice treatment in the endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea)
title_sort	topical ivermectin is a highly effective seal ‘spot-on’: a randomised trial of hookworm and lice treatment in the endangered australian sea lion (neophoca cinerea)
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ff6cd9036e39413caf231f8f657fd797
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Topical ivermectin is a highly effective seal ‘spot-on’: A randomised trial of hookworm and lice treatment in the endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea)

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