Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a System-Level Infectious Disease With Distinct Sex Disparities

The current global pandemic of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19, has infected millions of people and continues to pose a threat to many more. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an important player of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) expressed...

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Autores principales:	Modjtaba Emadi-Baygi, Mahsa Ehsanifard, Najmeh Afrashtehpour, Mahnaz Norouzi, Zahra Joz-Abbasalian
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	COVID-19 interconnectedness immunity coagulation thromboembolism Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ffa279f48f384fe7a9fa5f8089ddcee6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ffa279f48f384fe7a9fa5f8089ddcee62021-12-01T13:58:39ZCorona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a System-Level Infectious Disease With Distinct Sex Disparities1664-322410.3389/fimmu.2021.778913https://doaj.org/article/ffa279f48f384fe7a9fa5f8089ddcee62021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.778913/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-3224The current global pandemic of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19, has infected millions of people and continues to pose a threat to many more. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an important player of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) expressed on the surface of the lung, heart, kidney, neurons, and endothelial cells, which mediates SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells. The cytokine storms of COVID-19 arise from the large recruitment of immune cells because of the dis-synchronized hyperactive immune system, lead to many abnormalities including hyper-inflammation, endotheliopathy, and hypercoagulability that produce multi-organ dysfunction and increased the risk of arterial and venous thrombosis resulting in more severe illness and mortality. We discuss the aberrated interconnectedness and forthcoming crosstalks between immunity, the endothelium, and coagulation, as well as how sex disparities affect the severity and outcome of COVID-19 and harm men especially. Further, our conceptual framework may help to explain why persistent symptoms, such as reduced physical fitness and fatigue during long COVID, may be rooted in the clotting system.Modjtaba Emadi-BaygiMahsa EhsanifardNajmeh AfrashtehpourMahnaz NorouziZahra Joz-AbbasalianFrontiers Media S.A.articleCOVID-19interconnectednessimmunitycoagulationthromboembolismImmunologic diseases. AllergyRC581-607ENFrontiers in Immunology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	COVID-19 interconnectedness immunity coagulation thromboembolism Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
spellingShingle	COVID-19 interconnectedness immunity coagulation thromboembolism Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Modjtaba Emadi-Baygi Mahsa Ehsanifard Najmeh Afrashtehpour Mahnaz Norouzi Zahra Joz-Abbasalian Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a System-Level Infectious Disease With Distinct Sex Disparities
description	The current global pandemic of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19, has infected millions of people and continues to pose a threat to many more. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an important player of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) expressed on the surface of the lung, heart, kidney, neurons, and endothelial cells, which mediates SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells. The cytokine storms of COVID-19 arise from the large recruitment of immune cells because of the dis-synchronized hyperactive immune system, lead to many abnormalities including hyper-inflammation, endotheliopathy, and hypercoagulability that produce multi-organ dysfunction and increased the risk of arterial and venous thrombosis resulting in more severe illness and mortality. We discuss the aberrated interconnectedness and forthcoming crosstalks between immunity, the endothelium, and coagulation, as well as how sex disparities affect the severity and outcome of COVID-19 and harm men especially. Further, our conceptual framework may help to explain why persistent symptoms, such as reduced physical fitness and fatigue during long COVID, may be rooted in the clotting system.
format	article
author	Modjtaba Emadi-Baygi Mahsa Ehsanifard Najmeh Afrashtehpour Mahnaz Norouzi Zahra Joz-Abbasalian
author_facet	Modjtaba Emadi-Baygi Mahsa Ehsanifard Najmeh Afrashtehpour Mahnaz Norouzi Zahra Joz-Abbasalian
author_sort	Modjtaba Emadi-Baygi
title	Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a System-Level Infectious Disease With Distinct Sex Disparities
title_short	Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a System-Level Infectious Disease With Distinct Sex Disparities
title_full	Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a System-Level Infectious Disease With Distinct Sex Disparities
title_fullStr	Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a System-Level Infectious Disease With Distinct Sex Disparities
title_full_unstemmed	Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a System-Level Infectious Disease With Distinct Sex Disparities
title_sort	corona virus disease 2019 (covid-19) as a system-level infectious disease with distinct sex disparities
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ffa279f48f384fe7a9fa5f8089ddcee6
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Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a System-Level Infectious Disease With Distinct Sex Disparities

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