Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Activities of Breonadia salicina Using 1H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS Analysis

Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper and J.R.I. Wood is widely used in South Africa and some other African countries for treatment of various infectious diseases such as diarrhea, fevers, cancer, diabetes and malaria. However, little is known about the active constituents associated w...

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Autores principales:	Dorcas B. Tlhapi, Isaiah D. I. Ramaite, Chinedu P. Anokwuru
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	chemical profile phytochemical compositions <i>Breonadia salicina</i> antioxidant activity Organic chemistry QD241-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ffb2ebc0ba8e44b1b76e752977458caa
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ffb2ebc0ba8e44b1b76e752977458caa2021-11-11T18:39:12ZMetabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Activities of <i>Breonadia salicina</i> Using <sup>1</sup>H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS Analysis10.3390/molecules262167071420-3049https://doaj.org/article/ffb2ebc0ba8e44b1b76e752977458caa2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/21/6707https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049<i>Breonadia salicina</i> (Vahl) Hepper and J.R.I. Wood is widely used in South Africa and some other African countries for treatment of various infectious diseases such as diarrhea, fevers, cancer, diabetes and malaria. However, little is known about the active constituents associated with the biological activities. This study is aimed at exploring the metabolomics profile and antioxidant constituents of <i>B. salicina</i>. The chemical profiles of the leaf, stem bark and root of <i>B. salicina</i> were comprehensively characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR) spectroscopy and ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS). The antioxidant activities of the crude extracts, fractions and pure compounds were determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging and reducing power assays. A total of 25 compounds were tentatively identified using the UPLC-QTOF-MS. Furthermore, the <sup>1</sup>H-NMR fingerprint revealed that the different parts of plant had differences and similarities among the different crude extracts and fractions. The crude extracts and fractions of the root, stem bark and leaf showed the presence of α-glucose, β-glucose, glucose and fructose. However, catechin was not found in the stem bark crude extracts but was found in the fractions of the stem bark. Lupeol was present only in the root crude extract and fractions of the stem bark. Furthermore, 5-<i>O</i>-caffeoylquinic acid was identified in the methanol leaf extract and its respective fractions, while the crude extracts and fractions from the root and dichloromethane leaf revealed the presence of hexadecane. Column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography were used to isolate kaempferol 3-<i>O</i>-(2″-<i>O</i>-galloyl)-glucuronide, lupeol, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-galactopyranose, bodinioside Q, 5-<i>O</i>-caffeoylquinic acid, sucrose, hexadecane and palmitic acid. The crude methanol stem bark showed the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 41.7263 ± 7.6401 μg/mL, whereas the root crude extract had the highest reducing power activity with an IC<sub>0.5</sub> value of 0.1481 ± 0.1441 μg/mL. Furthermore, the <sup>1</sup>H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS profiles showed the presence of hydroxycinnamic acids, polyphenols and flavonoids. According to a literature survey, these phytochemicals have been reported to display antioxidant activities. Therefore, the identified hydroxycinnamic acid (caffeic acid), polyphenol (ellagic acid) and flavonoids (catechin and (epi) gallocatechin) significantly contribute to the antioxidant activity of the different parts of plant of <i>B. salicina</i>. The results obtained in this study provides information about the phytochemistry and phytochemical compositions of <i>Breonadia salicina</i>, confirming that the species is promising in obtaining constituents with medicinal potential primarily antioxidant potential.Dorcas B. TlhapiIsaiah D. I. RamaiteChinedu P. AnokwuruMDPI AGarticlechemical profilephytochemical compositions<i>Breonadia salicina</i>antioxidant activityOrganic chemistryQD241-441ENMolecules, Vol 26, Iss 6707, p 6707 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	chemical profile phytochemical compositions <i>Breonadia salicina</i> antioxidant activity Organic chemistry QD241-441
spellingShingle	chemical profile phytochemical compositions <i>Breonadia salicina</i> antioxidant activity Organic chemistry QD241-441 Dorcas B. Tlhapi Isaiah D. I. Ramaite Chinedu P. Anokwuru Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Activities of <i>Breonadia salicina</i> Using <sup>1</sup>H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS Analysis
description	<i>Breonadia salicina</i> (Vahl) Hepper and J.R.I. Wood is widely used in South Africa and some other African countries for treatment of various infectious diseases such as diarrhea, fevers, cancer, diabetes and malaria. However, little is known about the active constituents associated with the biological activities. This study is aimed at exploring the metabolomics profile and antioxidant constituents of <i>B. salicina</i>. The chemical profiles of the leaf, stem bark and root of <i>B. salicina</i> were comprehensively characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR) spectroscopy and ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS). The antioxidant activities of the crude extracts, fractions and pure compounds were determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging and reducing power assays. A total of 25 compounds were tentatively identified using the UPLC-QTOF-MS. Furthermore, the <sup>1</sup>H-NMR fingerprint revealed that the different parts of plant had differences and similarities among the different crude extracts and fractions. The crude extracts and fractions of the root, stem bark and leaf showed the presence of α-glucose, β-glucose, glucose and fructose. However, catechin was not found in the stem bark crude extracts but was found in the fractions of the stem bark. Lupeol was present only in the root crude extract and fractions of the stem bark. Furthermore, 5-<i>O</i>-caffeoylquinic acid was identified in the methanol leaf extract and its respective fractions, while the crude extracts and fractions from the root and dichloromethane leaf revealed the presence of hexadecane. Column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography were used to isolate kaempferol 3-<i>O</i>-(2″-<i>O</i>-galloyl)-glucuronide, lupeol, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-galactopyranose, bodinioside Q, 5-<i>O</i>-caffeoylquinic acid, sucrose, hexadecane and palmitic acid. The crude methanol stem bark showed the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 41.7263 ± 7.6401 μg/mL, whereas the root crude extract had the highest reducing power activity with an IC<sub>0.5</sub> value of 0.1481 ± 0.1441 μg/mL. Furthermore, the <sup>1</sup>H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS profiles showed the presence of hydroxycinnamic acids, polyphenols and flavonoids. According to a literature survey, these phytochemicals have been reported to display antioxidant activities. Therefore, the identified hydroxycinnamic acid (caffeic acid), polyphenol (ellagic acid) and flavonoids (catechin and (epi) gallocatechin) significantly contribute to the antioxidant activity of the different parts of plant of <i>B. salicina</i>. The results obtained in this study provides information about the phytochemistry and phytochemical compositions of <i>Breonadia salicina</i>, confirming that the species is promising in obtaining constituents with medicinal potential primarily antioxidant potential.
format	article
author	Dorcas B. Tlhapi Isaiah D. I. Ramaite Chinedu P. Anokwuru
author_facet	Dorcas B. Tlhapi Isaiah D. I. Ramaite Chinedu P. Anokwuru
author_sort	Dorcas B. Tlhapi
title	Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Activities of <i>Breonadia salicina</i> Using <sup>1</sup>H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS Analysis
title_short	Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Activities of <i>Breonadia salicina</i> Using <sup>1</sup>H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS Analysis
title_full	Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Activities of <i>Breonadia salicina</i> Using <sup>1</sup>H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS Analysis
title_fullStr	Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Activities of <i>Breonadia salicina</i> Using <sup>1</sup>H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS Analysis
title_full_unstemmed	Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Activities of <i>Breonadia salicina</i> Using <sup>1</sup>H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS Analysis
title_sort	metabolomic profiling and antioxidant activities of <i>breonadia salicina</i> using <sup>1</sup>h-nmr and uplc-qtof-ms analysis
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ffb2ebc0ba8e44b1b76e752977458caa
work_keys_str_mv	AT dorcasbtlhapi metabolomicprofilingandantioxidantactivitiesofibreonadiasalicinaiusingsup1suphnmranduplcqtofmsanalysis AT isaiahdiramaite metabolomicprofilingandantioxidantactivitiesofibreonadiasalicinaiusingsup1suphnmranduplcqtofmsanalysis AT chinedupanokwuru metabolomicprofilingandantioxidantactivitiesofibreonadiasalicinaiusingsup1suphnmranduplcqtofmsanalysis
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Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Activities of <i>Breonadia salicina</i> Using <sup>1</sup>H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS Analysis

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