Effects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a causative virus in the development of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Respiratory manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection such as acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) leads to hypoxia, ox...

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Autores principales:	Hayder M. Al-kuraishy, Ali Ismail Al-Gareeb, Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab, Keneth Iceland Kasozi, Gerald Zirintunda, Akhmed Aslam, Mamdouh Allahyani, Susan Christina Welburn, Gaber El-Saber Batiha
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	SARS-CoV-2 cytokine storm sympathetic storm pharmacology and Covid Beta blockers Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/fff068493d4843eca7fd5b290dd92f21
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:fff068493d4843eca7fd5b290dd92f212021-11-18T10:58:27ZEffects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-191664-322410.3389/fimmu.2021.749291https://doaj.org/article/fff068493d4843eca7fd5b290dd92f212021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.749291/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-3224Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a causative virus in the development of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Respiratory manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection such as acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) leads to hypoxia, oxidative stress, and sympatho-activation and in severe cases leads to sympathetic storm (SS). On the other hand, an exaggerated immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 invasion may lead to uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokine development of cytokine storm (CS). In Covid-19, there are interactive interactions between CS and SS in the development of multi-organ failure (MOF). Interestingly, cutting the bridge between CS and SS by anti-inflammatory and anti-adrenergic agents may mitigate complications that are induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in severely affected Covid-19 patients. The potential mechanisms of SS in Covid-19 are through different pathways such as hypoxia, which activate the central sympathetic center through carotid bodies chemosensory input and induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, which cross the blood-brain barrier and activation of the sympathetic center. β2-receptors signaling pathway play a crucial role in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, macrophage activation, and B-cells for the production of antibodies with inflammation exacerbation. β-blockers have anti-inflammatory effects through reduction release of pro-inflammatory cytokines with inhibition of NF-κB. In conclusion, β-blockers interrupt this interaction through inhibition of several mediators of CS and SS with prevention development of neural-cytokine loop in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Evidence from this study triggers an idea for future prospective studies to confirm the potential role of β-blockers in the management of Covid-19.Hayder M. Al-kuraishyAli Ismail Al-GareebGomaa Mostafa-HedeabKeneth Iceland KasoziKeneth Iceland KasoziGerald ZirintundaAkhmed AslamMamdouh AllahyaniSusan Christina WelburnSusan Christina WelburnGaber El-Saber BatihaFrontiers Media S.A.articleSARS-CoV-2cytokine stormsympathetic stormpharmacology and CovidBeta blockersImmunologic diseases. AllergyRC581-607ENFrontiers in Immunology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	SARS-CoV-2 cytokine storm sympathetic storm pharmacology and Covid Beta blockers Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
spellingShingle	SARS-CoV-2 cytokine storm sympathetic storm pharmacology and Covid Beta blockers Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Hayder M. Al-kuraishy Ali Ismail Al-Gareeb Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab Keneth Iceland Kasozi Keneth Iceland Kasozi Gerald Zirintunda Akhmed Aslam Mamdouh Allahyani Susan Christina Welburn Susan Christina Welburn Gaber El-Saber Batiha Effects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19
description	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a causative virus in the development of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Respiratory manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection such as acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) leads to hypoxia, oxidative stress, and sympatho-activation and in severe cases leads to sympathetic storm (SS). On the other hand, an exaggerated immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 invasion may lead to uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokine development of cytokine storm (CS). In Covid-19, there are interactive interactions between CS and SS in the development of multi-organ failure (MOF). Interestingly, cutting the bridge between CS and SS by anti-inflammatory and anti-adrenergic agents may mitigate complications that are induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in severely affected Covid-19 patients. The potential mechanisms of SS in Covid-19 are through different pathways such as hypoxia, which activate the central sympathetic center through carotid bodies chemosensory input and induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, which cross the blood-brain barrier and activation of the sympathetic center. β2-receptors signaling pathway play a crucial role in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, macrophage activation, and B-cells for the production of antibodies with inflammation exacerbation. β-blockers have anti-inflammatory effects through reduction release of pro-inflammatory cytokines with inhibition of NF-κB. In conclusion, β-blockers interrupt this interaction through inhibition of several mediators of CS and SS with prevention development of neural-cytokine loop in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Evidence from this study triggers an idea for future prospective studies to confirm the potential role of β-blockers in the management of Covid-19.
format	article
author	Hayder M. Al-kuraishy Ali Ismail Al-Gareeb Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab Keneth Iceland Kasozi Keneth Iceland Kasozi Gerald Zirintunda Akhmed Aslam Mamdouh Allahyani Susan Christina Welburn Susan Christina Welburn Gaber El-Saber Batiha
author_facet	Hayder M. Al-kuraishy Ali Ismail Al-Gareeb Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab Keneth Iceland Kasozi Keneth Iceland Kasozi Gerald Zirintunda Akhmed Aslam Mamdouh Allahyani Susan Christina Welburn Susan Christina Welburn Gaber El-Saber Batiha
author_sort	Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
title	Effects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19
title_short	Effects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19
title_full	Effects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19
title_fullStr	Effects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19
title_sort	effects of β-blockers on the sympathetic and cytokines storms in covid-19
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/fff068493d4843eca7fd5b290dd92f21
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Effects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19

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