Successional patterns along soil development gradients formed by glacier retreat in the Maritime Antarctic, King George Island

BACKGROUND: Maritime Antarctica is severely affected by climate change and accelerating glacier retreat forming temporal gradients of soil development. Successional patterns of soil development and plant succession in the region are largely unknown, as are the feedback mechanisms between both proces...

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Autores principales:	Boy,Jens, Godoy,Roberto, Shibistova,Olga, Boy,Diana, McCulloch,Robert, la Fuente,Alberto Andrino de, Morales,Mauricio Aguirre, Mikutta,Robert, Guggenberger,Georg
Lenguaje:	English
Publicado:	Sociedad de Biología de Chile 2016
Materias:	Temporal gradients Chronosequences Soil succession Soil organic carbon Ornithic Mycorrhiza Maritime Antarctica King George Island
Acceso en línea:	http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-078X2016000100007
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spelling	oai:scielo:S0716-078X20160001000072016-09-27Successional patterns along soil development gradients formed by glacier retreat in the Maritime Antarctic, King George IslandBoy,JensGodoy,RobertoShibistova,OlgaBoy,DianaMcCulloch,Robertla Fuente,Alberto Andrino deMorales,Mauricio AguirreMikutta,RobertGuggenberger,Georg Temporal gradients Chronosequences Soil succession Soil organic carbon Ornithic Mycorrhiza Maritime Antarctica King George Island BACKGROUND: Maritime Antarctica is severely affected by climate change and accelerating glacier retreat forming temporal gradients of soil development. Successional patterns of soil development and plant succession in the region are largely unknown, as are the feedback mechanisms between both processes. Here we identify three temporal gradients representing horizontal and vertical glacier retreat, as well as formation of raised beaches due to isostatic uplift, and describe soil formation and plant succession along them. Our hypotheses are (i) plants in Antarctica are able to modulate the two base parameters in soil development, organic C content and pH, along the temporal gradients, leading to an increase in organic carbon and soil acidity at relatively short time scales, (ii) the soil development induces succession along these gradients, and (iii) with increasing soil development, bryophytes and Deschampsia antarctica develop mycorrhiza in maritime Antarctica in order to foster interaction with soil RESULTS: All temporal gradients showed soil development leading to differentiation of soil horizons, carbon accumulation and increasing pH with age. Photoautptroph succession occurred rapidly after glacier retreat, but occurrences of mosses and lichens interacting with soils by rhizoids or rhizines were only observed in the later stages. The community of ground dwelling mosses and lichens is the climax community of soil succession, as the Antarctic hairgrass D. antarctica was restricted to ornithic soils. Neither D. antarctica nor mosses at the best developed soils showed any sign of mycorrhization CONCLUSION: Temporal gradients formed by glacier retreat can be identified in maritime Antarctic, where soil development and plant succession of a remarkable pace can be observed, although pseudo-succession occurs by fertilization gradients caused by bird feces. Thus, the majority of ice-free surface in Antarctica is colonized by plant communities which interact with soil by litter input rather than by direct transfer of photoassimilates to soilinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessSociedad de Biología de ChileRevista chilena de historia natural v.89 20162016-01-01text/htmlhttp://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-078X2016000100007en10.1186/S40693-016-0056-8
institution	Scielo Chile
collection	Scielo Chile
language	English
topic	Temporal gradients Chronosequences Soil succession Soil organic carbon Ornithic Mycorrhiza Maritime Antarctica King George Island
spellingShingle	Temporal gradients Chronosequences Soil succession Soil organic carbon Ornithic Mycorrhiza Maritime Antarctica King George Island Boy,Jens Godoy,Roberto Shibistova,Olga Boy,Diana McCulloch,Robert la Fuente,Alberto Andrino de Morales,Mauricio Aguirre Mikutta,Robert Guggenberger,Georg Successional patterns along soil development gradients formed by glacier retreat in the Maritime Antarctic, King George Island
description	BACKGROUND: Maritime Antarctica is severely affected by climate change and accelerating glacier retreat forming temporal gradients of soil development. Successional patterns of soil development and plant succession in the region are largely unknown, as are the feedback mechanisms between both processes. Here we identify three temporal gradients representing horizontal and vertical glacier retreat, as well as formation of raised beaches due to isostatic uplift, and describe soil formation and plant succession along them. Our hypotheses are (i) plants in Antarctica are able to modulate the two base parameters in soil development, organic C content and pH, along the temporal gradients, leading to an increase in organic carbon and soil acidity at relatively short time scales, (ii) the soil development induces succession along these gradients, and (iii) with increasing soil development, bryophytes and Deschampsia antarctica develop mycorrhiza in maritime Antarctica in order to foster interaction with soil RESULTS: All temporal gradients showed soil development leading to differentiation of soil horizons, carbon accumulation and increasing pH with age. Photoautptroph succession occurred rapidly after glacier retreat, but occurrences of mosses and lichens interacting with soils by rhizoids or rhizines were only observed in the later stages. The community of ground dwelling mosses and lichens is the climax community of soil succession, as the Antarctic hairgrass D. antarctica was restricted to ornithic soils. Neither D. antarctica nor mosses at the best developed soils showed any sign of mycorrhization CONCLUSION: Temporal gradients formed by glacier retreat can be identified in maritime Antarctic, where soil development and plant succession of a remarkable pace can be observed, although pseudo-succession occurs by fertilization gradients caused by bird feces. Thus, the majority of ice-free surface in Antarctica is colonized by plant communities which interact with soil by litter input rather than by direct transfer of photoassimilates to soil
author	Boy,Jens Godoy,Roberto Shibistova,Olga Boy,Diana McCulloch,Robert la Fuente,Alberto Andrino de Morales,Mauricio Aguirre Mikutta,Robert Guggenberger,Georg
author_facet	Boy,Jens Godoy,Roberto Shibistova,Olga Boy,Diana McCulloch,Robert la Fuente,Alberto Andrino de Morales,Mauricio Aguirre Mikutta,Robert Guggenberger,Georg
author_sort	Boy,Jens
title	Successional patterns along soil development gradients formed by glacier retreat in the Maritime Antarctic, King George Island
title_short	Successional patterns along soil development gradients formed by glacier retreat in the Maritime Antarctic, King George Island
title_full	Successional patterns along soil development gradients formed by glacier retreat in the Maritime Antarctic, King George Island
title_fullStr	Successional patterns along soil development gradients formed by glacier retreat in the Maritime Antarctic, King George Island
title_full_unstemmed	Successional patterns along soil development gradients formed by glacier retreat in the Maritime Antarctic, King George Island
title_sort	successional patterns along soil development gradients formed by glacier retreat in the maritime antarctic, king george island
publisher	Sociedad de Biología de Chile
publishDate	2016
url	http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-078X2016000100007
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Successional patterns along soil development gradients formed by glacier retreat in the Maritime Antarctic, King George Island

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