Bloom inside the bloom: intracellular bacteria multiplication within toxic dinoflagellates

This study has shown that Alexandrium catenella and Protoceratium reticulatum are infected with different species of bacteria. Using 5-cyano-2,3-di-4-tolyl-tetrazolium chloride (CTC), a substrate that becomes fluorescent after being reduced by electrons produced during bacterial respiration and comb...

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Autores principales:	Córdova,José L, Escudero,Claudia, Bustamante,Juana
Lenguaje:	English
Publicado:	Universidad de Valparaíso. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar 2003
Materias:	Interaction dinoflagellate-bacteria intracellular bacteria multiplication bacterial infection Alexandrium catenella Protoceratium reticulatum
Acceso en línea:	http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-19572003000200002
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spelling	oai:scielo:S0718-195720030002000022008-06-06Bloom inside the bloom: intracellular bacteria multiplication within toxic dinoflagellatesCórdova,José LEscudero,ClaudiaBustamante,Juana Interaction dinoflagellate-bacteria intracellular bacteria multiplication bacterial infection Alexandrium catenella Protoceratium reticulatum This study has shown that Alexandrium catenella and Protoceratium reticulatum are infected with different species of bacteria. Using 5-cyano-2,3-di-4-tolyl-tetrazolium chloride (CTC), a substrate that becomes fluorescent after being reduced by electrons produced during bacterial respiration and combined with confocal microscopy analysis, live intracellular bacteria were observed. It was possible to determine that these dinoflagellates had a heavier bacterial load when the culture was in stationary phase as compared to the log phase. We have termed this observation bloom inside the bloom. Whether the high number of intracellular bacteria observed is a result of intracellular bacteria multiplication or re-infection from broken cells with heavy bacterial infection is unknown. Additionally, the bacteria isolates from each dinoflagellate are capable to re-infect both dinoflagellates regardless of their origin. Furthermore, when sodium nitrate and sodium phosphate are supplemented into the culture medium the bacterial multiplication pattern in both dinoflagellates is modified. Finally, based on this study, we propose the hypothesis that the interaction between intracellular bacteria and dinoflagellate is bimodal: at the beginning of the growth curve is mutualistic and at later stages, bacteria become parasitic, killing the host cell. This hypothesis could explain the suddenly disappearance of blooms in nature, without excluding other factorsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessUniversidad de Valparaíso. Facultad de Ciencias del MarRevista de biología marina y oceanografía v.38 n.2 20032003-12-01text/htmlhttp://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-19572003000200002en10.4067/S0718-19572003000200002
institution	Scielo Chile
collection	Scielo Chile
language	English
topic	Interaction dinoflagellate-bacteria intracellular bacteria multiplication bacterial infection Alexandrium catenella Protoceratium reticulatum
spellingShingle	Interaction dinoflagellate-bacteria intracellular bacteria multiplication bacterial infection Alexandrium catenella Protoceratium reticulatum Córdova,José L Escudero,Claudia Bustamante,Juana Bloom inside the bloom: intracellular bacteria multiplication within toxic dinoflagellates
description	This study has shown that Alexandrium catenella and Protoceratium reticulatum are infected with different species of bacteria. Using 5-cyano-2,3-di-4-tolyl-tetrazolium chloride (CTC), a substrate that becomes fluorescent after being reduced by electrons produced during bacterial respiration and combined with confocal microscopy analysis, live intracellular bacteria were observed. It was possible to determine that these dinoflagellates had a heavier bacterial load when the culture was in stationary phase as compared to the log phase. We have termed this observation bloom inside the bloom. Whether the high number of intracellular bacteria observed is a result of intracellular bacteria multiplication or re-infection from broken cells with heavy bacterial infection is unknown. Additionally, the bacteria isolates from each dinoflagellate are capable to re-infect both dinoflagellates regardless of their origin. Furthermore, when sodium nitrate and sodium phosphate are supplemented into the culture medium the bacterial multiplication pattern in both dinoflagellates is modified. Finally, based on this study, we propose the hypothesis that the interaction between intracellular bacteria and dinoflagellate is bimodal: at the beginning of the growth curve is mutualistic and at later stages, bacteria become parasitic, killing the host cell. This hypothesis could explain the suddenly disappearance of blooms in nature, without excluding other factors
author	Córdova,José L Escudero,Claudia Bustamante,Juana
author_facet	Córdova,José L Escudero,Claudia Bustamante,Juana
author_sort	Córdova,José L
title	Bloom inside the bloom: intracellular bacteria multiplication within toxic dinoflagellates
title_short	Bloom inside the bloom: intracellular bacteria multiplication within toxic dinoflagellates
title_full	Bloom inside the bloom: intracellular bacteria multiplication within toxic dinoflagellates
title_fullStr	Bloom inside the bloom: intracellular bacteria multiplication within toxic dinoflagellates
title_full_unstemmed	Bloom inside the bloom: intracellular bacteria multiplication within toxic dinoflagellates
title_sort	bloom inside the bloom: intracellular bacteria multiplication within toxic dinoflagellates
publisher	Universidad de Valparaíso. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar
publishDate	2003
url	http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-19572003000200002
work_keys_str_mv	AT cordovajosel bloominsidethebloomintracellularbacteriamultiplicationwithintoxicdinoflagellates AT escuderoclaudia bloominsidethebloomintracellularbacteriamultiplicationwithintoxicdinoflagellates AT bustamantejuana bloominsidethebloomintracellularbacteriamultiplicationwithintoxicdinoflagellates
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Bloom inside the bloom: intracellular bacteria multiplication within toxic dinoflagellates

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