Effects of volcanic and hydrologic processes on forest vegetation: Chaitén Volcano, Chile

The 2008-2009 eruption of Chaitén Volcano (Chile) involved a variety of volcanic and associated hydro-logic processes that damaged nearby forests. These processes included coarse (gravel) and fine (silt to sand) tephra fall, a laterally directed blast, fluvial deposition of remobilized tephra, a var...

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Autores principales:	Swanson,Frederick J, Jones,Julia A, Crisafulli,Charles M, Lara,Antonio
Lenguaje:	English
Publicado:	Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN) 2013
Materias:	Environmental impacts Vegetation response Natural resource impacts Ecological disturbance Landscape ecology
Acceso en línea:	http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-71062013000200010
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spelling	oai:scielo:S0718-710620130002000102013-07-31Effects of volcanic and hydrologic processes on forest vegetation: Chaitén Volcano, ChileSwanson,Frederick JJones,Julia ACrisafulli,Charles MLara,Antonio Environmental impacts Vegetation response Natural resource impacts Ecological disturbance Landscape ecology The 2008-2009 eruption of Chaitén Volcano (Chile) involved a variety of volcanic and associated hydro-logic processes that damaged nearby forests. These processes included coarse (gravel) and fine (silt to sand) tephra fall, a laterally directed blast, fluvial deposition of remobilized tephra, a variety of low-temperature mass-movement processes, and a pyroclastic flow. Each of these geophysical processes constitutes a type of ecosystem disturbance which involves a distinctive suite of disturbance mechanisms, namely burial by tephra and sediment, heating, abrasion, impact force, and canopy loading (accumulation of tephra in tree crowns). Each process affected specific areas, and created patches and disturbance gradients in the forest landscape. Coarse tephra ('gravel rain', >5 cm depth) abraded foliage from tree canopies over an area of approximately 50 km² north-northeast of the vent. Fine tephra (>10 cm depth) accumulated in tree crowns and led to breakage of branches in old forest and bowing of flexible, young trees over an area of about 480 km². A directed blast down the north flank of the volcano damaged forest over an area of 4 km². This blast zone included an area of tree removal near the crater rim, toppled forest farther down the slope, and standing, scorched forest around the blast perimeter. Fluvial deposition of >100 cm of remobilized tephra, beginning about 10 days after initiation of the eruption, buried floodplain forest in distinct, elongate streamside patches covering 5 km² of the lower 19 km of the Rayas River and several km² of the lower Chaitén River. Across this array of disturbance processes the fate of affected trees varied from complete mortality in the tree removal and pyroclastic flow areas, to no mortality in areas of thin tephra fall deposits. Tree damage included defoliation, loss of branches, snapping of tree trunks, abrasion of bark and ephiphytes, and uprooting. Damaged trees sprouted from epicormic buds located in trunks and branches, but sprouting varied over time among disturbance mechanisms and species. Although some effects of the Chaitén eruption are very similar to those from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens (USA), interactions between biota and geophysical processes at Chaitén produced some unique effects. Examination of vegetation response helps interpret geophysical processes, and disturbance mechanisms influence early stages of biotic response to an eruption.info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessServicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN)Andean geology v.40 n.2 20132013-05-01text/htmlhttp://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-71062013000200010en10.5027/andgeoV40n2-a10
institution	Scielo Chile
collection	Scielo Chile
language	English
topic	Environmental impacts Vegetation response Natural resource impacts Ecological disturbance Landscape ecology
spellingShingle	Environmental impacts Vegetation response Natural resource impacts Ecological disturbance Landscape ecology Swanson,Frederick J Jones,Julia A Crisafulli,Charles M Lara,Antonio Effects of volcanic and hydrologic processes on forest vegetation: Chaitén Volcano, Chile
description	The 2008-2009 eruption of Chaitén Volcano (Chile) involved a variety of volcanic and associated hydro-logic processes that damaged nearby forests. These processes included coarse (gravel) and fine (silt to sand) tephra fall, a laterally directed blast, fluvial deposition of remobilized tephra, a variety of low-temperature mass-movement processes, and a pyroclastic flow. Each of these geophysical processes constitutes a type of ecosystem disturbance which involves a distinctive suite of disturbance mechanisms, namely burial by tephra and sediment, heating, abrasion, impact force, and canopy loading (accumulation of tephra in tree crowns). Each process affected specific areas, and created patches and disturbance gradients in the forest landscape. Coarse tephra ('gravel rain', >5 cm depth) abraded foliage from tree canopies over an area of approximately 50 km² north-northeast of the vent. Fine tephra (>10 cm depth) accumulated in tree crowns and led to breakage of branches in old forest and bowing of flexible, young trees over an area of about 480 km². A directed blast down the north flank of the volcano damaged forest over an area of 4 km². This blast zone included an area of tree removal near the crater rim, toppled forest farther down the slope, and standing, scorched forest around the blast perimeter. Fluvial deposition of >100 cm of remobilized tephra, beginning about 10 days after initiation of the eruption, buried floodplain forest in distinct, elongate streamside patches covering 5 km² of the lower 19 km of the Rayas River and several km² of the lower Chaitén River. Across this array of disturbance processes the fate of affected trees varied from complete mortality in the tree removal and pyroclastic flow areas, to no mortality in areas of thin tephra fall deposits. Tree damage included defoliation, loss of branches, snapping of tree trunks, abrasion of bark and ephiphytes, and uprooting. Damaged trees sprouted from epicormic buds located in trunks and branches, but sprouting varied over time among disturbance mechanisms and species. Although some effects of the Chaitén eruption are very similar to those from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens (USA), interactions between biota and geophysical processes at Chaitén produced some unique effects. Examination of vegetation response helps interpret geophysical processes, and disturbance mechanisms influence early stages of biotic response to an eruption.
author	Swanson,Frederick J Jones,Julia A Crisafulli,Charles M Lara,Antonio
author_facet	Swanson,Frederick J Jones,Julia A Crisafulli,Charles M Lara,Antonio
author_sort	Swanson,Frederick J
title	Effects of volcanic and hydrologic processes on forest vegetation: Chaitén Volcano, Chile
title_short	Effects of volcanic and hydrologic processes on forest vegetation: Chaitén Volcano, Chile
title_full	Effects of volcanic and hydrologic processes on forest vegetation: Chaitén Volcano, Chile
title_fullStr	Effects of volcanic and hydrologic processes on forest vegetation: Chaitén Volcano, Chile
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of volcanic and hydrologic processes on forest vegetation: Chaitén Volcano, Chile
title_sort	effects of volcanic and hydrologic processes on forest vegetation: chaitén volcano, chile
publisher	Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN)
publishDate	2013
url	http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-71062013000200010
work_keys_str_mv	AT swansonfrederickj effectsofvolcanicandhydrologicprocessesonforestvegetationchaitenvolcanochile AT jonesjuliaa effectsofvolcanicandhydrologicprocessesonforestvegetationchaitenvolcanochile AT crisafullicharlesm effectsofvolcanicandhydrologicprocessesonforestvegetationchaitenvolcanochile AT laraantonio effectsofvolcanicandhydrologicprocessesonforestvegetationchaitenvolcanochile
_version_	1714205840870735872

Effects of volcanic and hydrologic processes on forest vegetation: Chaitén Volcano, Chile

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