Four-Dimensional Printing for Hydrogel: Theoretical Concept, 4D Materials, Shape-Morphing Way, and Future Perspectives

The limitations and challenges possessed in static 3D materials necessitated a new era of 4D shape-morphing constructs for wide applications in diverse fields of science. Shape-morphing behavior of 3D constructs over time is 4D design. Four-dimensional printing technology overcomes the static nature...

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Autores principales:	Syed Sarim Imam, Afzal Hussain, Mohammad A. Altamimi, Sultan Alshehri
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	4D-printing technique 4D-printed hydrogel 4D shape morphing comparative analysis challenges and future perspective Organic chemistry QD241-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0301af18e3e941fc8a7a69f22ae4883a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0301af18e3e941fc8a7a69f22ae4883a2021-11-11T18:49:23ZFour-Dimensional Printing for Hydrogel: Theoretical Concept, 4D Materials, Shape-Morphing Way, and Future Perspectives10.3390/polym132138582073-4360https://doaj.org/article/0301af18e3e941fc8a7a69f22ae4883a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/21/3858https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4360The limitations and challenges possessed in static 3D materials necessitated a new era of 4D shape-morphing constructs for wide applications in diverse fields of science. Shape-morphing behavior of 3D constructs over time is 4D design. Four-dimensional printing technology overcomes the static nature of 3D, improves substantial mechanical strength, and instills versatility and clinical and nonclinical functionality under set environmental conditions (physiological and artificial). Four-dimensional printing of hydrogel-forming materials possesses remarkable properties compared to other printing techniques and has emerged as the most established technique for drug delivery, disease diagnosis, tissue engineering, and biomedical application using shape-morphing materials (natural, synthetic, semisynthetic, and functionalized) in response to single or multiple stimuli. In this article, we addressed a fundamental concept of 4D-printing evolution, 4D printing of hydrogel, shape-morphing way, classification, and future challenges. Moreover, the study compiled a comparative analysis of 4D techniques, 4D products, and mechanical perspectives for their functionality and shape-morphing dynamics. Eventually, despite several advantages of 4D technology over 3D technique in hydrogel fabrication, there are still various challenges to address with using current advanced and sophisticated technology for rapid, safe, biocompatible, and clinical transformation from small-scale laboratory (lab-to-bed translation) to commercial scale.Syed Sarim ImamAfzal HussainMohammad A. AltamimiSultan AlshehriMDPI AGarticle4D-printing technique4D-printed hydrogel4D shape morphingcomparative analysischallenges and future perspectiveOrganic chemistryQD241-441ENPolymers, Vol 13, Iss 3858, p 3858 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	4D-printing technique 4D-printed hydrogel 4D shape morphing comparative analysis challenges and future perspective Organic chemistry QD241-441
spellingShingle	4D-printing technique 4D-printed hydrogel 4D shape morphing comparative analysis challenges and future perspective Organic chemistry QD241-441 Syed Sarim Imam Afzal Hussain Mohammad A. Altamimi Sultan Alshehri Four-Dimensional Printing for Hydrogel: Theoretical Concept, 4D Materials, Shape-Morphing Way, and Future Perspectives
description	The limitations and challenges possessed in static 3D materials necessitated a new era of 4D shape-morphing constructs for wide applications in diverse fields of science. Shape-morphing behavior of 3D constructs over time is 4D design. Four-dimensional printing technology overcomes the static nature of 3D, improves substantial mechanical strength, and instills versatility and clinical and nonclinical functionality under set environmental conditions (physiological and artificial). Four-dimensional printing of hydrogel-forming materials possesses remarkable properties compared to other printing techniques and has emerged as the most established technique for drug delivery, disease diagnosis, tissue engineering, and biomedical application using shape-morphing materials (natural, synthetic, semisynthetic, and functionalized) in response to single or multiple stimuli. In this article, we addressed a fundamental concept of 4D-printing evolution, 4D printing of hydrogel, shape-morphing way, classification, and future challenges. Moreover, the study compiled a comparative analysis of 4D techniques, 4D products, and mechanical perspectives for their functionality and shape-morphing dynamics. Eventually, despite several advantages of 4D technology over 3D technique in hydrogel fabrication, there are still various challenges to address with using current advanced and sophisticated technology for rapid, safe, biocompatible, and clinical transformation from small-scale laboratory (lab-to-bed translation) to commercial scale.
format	article
author	Syed Sarim Imam Afzal Hussain Mohammad A. Altamimi Sultan Alshehri
author_facet	Syed Sarim Imam Afzal Hussain Mohammad A. Altamimi Sultan Alshehri
author_sort	Syed Sarim Imam
title	Four-Dimensional Printing for Hydrogel: Theoretical Concept, 4D Materials, Shape-Morphing Way, and Future Perspectives
title_short	Four-Dimensional Printing for Hydrogel: Theoretical Concept, 4D Materials, Shape-Morphing Way, and Future Perspectives
title_full	Four-Dimensional Printing for Hydrogel: Theoretical Concept, 4D Materials, Shape-Morphing Way, and Future Perspectives
title_fullStr	Four-Dimensional Printing for Hydrogel: Theoretical Concept, 4D Materials, Shape-Morphing Way, and Future Perspectives
title_full_unstemmed	Four-Dimensional Printing for Hydrogel: Theoretical Concept, 4D Materials, Shape-Morphing Way, and Future Perspectives
title_sort	four-dimensional printing for hydrogel: theoretical concept, 4d materials, shape-morphing way, and future perspectives
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0301af18e3e941fc8a7a69f22ae4883a
work_keys_str_mv	AT syedsarimimam fourdimensionalprintingforhydrogeltheoreticalconcept4dmaterialsshapemorphingwayandfutureperspectives AT afzalhussain fourdimensionalprintingforhydrogeltheoreticalconcept4dmaterialsshapemorphingwayandfutureperspectives AT mohammadaaltamimi fourdimensionalprintingforhydrogeltheoreticalconcept4dmaterialsshapemorphingwayandfutureperspectives AT sultanalshehri fourdimensionalprintingforhydrogeltheoreticalconcept4dmaterialsshapemorphingwayandfutureperspectives
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Four-Dimensional Printing for Hydrogel: Theoretical Concept, 4D Materials, Shape-Morphing Way, and Future Perspectives

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