Exometabolite Dynamics over Stationary Phase Reveal Strain-Specific Responses

ABSTRACT Microbial exponential growth is expected to occur infrequently in environments that have long periods of nutrient starvation punctuated by short periods of high nutrient flux. These conditions likely impose nongrowth states for microbes. However, nongrowth states are uncharacterized for the...

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Autores principales:	John L. Chodkowski, Ashley Shade
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2020
Materias:	Burkholderia thailandensis Chromobacterium violaceum Pseudomonas syringae secondary metabolism RNA-seq mass spectrometry Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1673a45c59c749dcb77d59059344bbcb
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1673a45c59c749dcb77d59059344bbcb2021-12-02T19:47:38ZExometabolite Dynamics over Stationary Phase Reveal Strain-Specific Responses10.1128/mSystems.00493-202379-5077https://doaj.org/article/1673a45c59c749dcb77d59059344bbcb2020-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSystems.00493-20https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5077ABSTRACT Microbial exponential growth is expected to occur infrequently in environments that have long periods of nutrient starvation punctuated by short periods of high nutrient flux. These conditions likely impose nongrowth states for microbes. However, nongrowth states are uncharacterized for the majority of environmental bacteria, especially in regard to exometabolite production. We compared exometabolites produced over stationary phase across three environmental bacteria: Burkholderia thailandensis E264 (ATCC 700388), Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 31532, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (ATCC BAA-871). We grew each strain in monoculture and investigated exometabolite dynamics from mid-exponential to stationary phases. We focused on exometabolites that were released into the medium and accumulated over 45 h, including approximately 20 h of stationary phase. We also analyzed transcripts (transcriptome sequencing [RNA-seq]) to interpret exometabolite output. We found that the majority of exometabolites released were strain specific, with a subset of identified exometabolites involved in both central and secondary metabolism. Transcript analysis supported that exometabolites were released from intact cells, as various transporters had either increased or consistent transcripts through time. Interestingly, we found that succinate was one of the most abundant identifiable exometabolites for all strains and that each strain rerouted their metabolic pathways involved in succinate production during stationary phase. These results show that nongrowth states can be metabolically dynamic and that environmental bacteria can enrich a minimal environment with diverse chemical compounds as a consequence of growth and postgrowth maintenance in stationary phase. This work provides insights into microbial community interactions via exometabolites under conditions of growth cessation or limitation. IMPORTANCE Nongrowth states are common for bacteria that live in environments that are densely populated and predominantly nutrient exhausted, and yet these states remain largely uncharacterized in cellular metabolism and metabolite output. Here, we investigated and compared stationary-phase exometabolites and RNA transcripts for each of three environmental bacterial strains. We observed that diverse exometabolites were produced and provide evidence that these exometabolites accumulate over time through release by intact cells. Additionally, each bacterial strain had a characteristic exometabolite profile and exhibited dynamics in exometabolite composition. This work affirms that stationary phase is metabolically dynamic, with each strain tested creating a unique chemical signature in the extracellular space and altering metabolism in stationary phase. These findings set the stage for understanding how bacterial populations can support surrounding neighbors in environments with prolonged nutrient exhaustion through exometabolite-mediated interspecies interactions.John L. ChodkowskiAshley ShadeAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleBurkholderia thailandensisChromobacterium violaceumPseudomonas syringaesecondary metabolismRNA-seqmass spectrometryMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSystems, Vol 5, Iss 6 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Burkholderia thailandensis Chromobacterium violaceum Pseudomonas syringae secondary metabolism RNA-seq mass spectrometry Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Burkholderia thailandensis Chromobacterium violaceum Pseudomonas syringae secondary metabolism RNA-seq mass spectrometry Microbiology QR1-502 John L. Chodkowski Ashley Shade Exometabolite Dynamics over Stationary Phase Reveal Strain-Specific Responses
description	ABSTRACT Microbial exponential growth is expected to occur infrequently in environments that have long periods of nutrient starvation punctuated by short periods of high nutrient flux. These conditions likely impose nongrowth states for microbes. However, nongrowth states are uncharacterized for the majority of environmental bacteria, especially in regard to exometabolite production. We compared exometabolites produced over stationary phase across three environmental bacteria: Burkholderia thailandensis E264 (ATCC 700388), Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 31532, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (ATCC BAA-871). We grew each strain in monoculture and investigated exometabolite dynamics from mid-exponential to stationary phases. We focused on exometabolites that were released into the medium and accumulated over 45 h, including approximately 20 h of stationary phase. We also analyzed transcripts (transcriptome sequencing [RNA-seq]) to interpret exometabolite output. We found that the majority of exometabolites released were strain specific, with a subset of identified exometabolites involved in both central and secondary metabolism. Transcript analysis supported that exometabolites were released from intact cells, as various transporters had either increased or consistent transcripts through time. Interestingly, we found that succinate was one of the most abundant identifiable exometabolites for all strains and that each strain rerouted their metabolic pathways involved in succinate production during stationary phase. These results show that nongrowth states can be metabolically dynamic and that environmental bacteria can enrich a minimal environment with diverse chemical compounds as a consequence of growth and postgrowth maintenance in stationary phase. This work provides insights into microbial community interactions via exometabolites under conditions of growth cessation or limitation. IMPORTANCE Nongrowth states are common for bacteria that live in environments that are densely populated and predominantly nutrient exhausted, and yet these states remain largely uncharacterized in cellular metabolism and metabolite output. Here, we investigated and compared stationary-phase exometabolites and RNA transcripts for each of three environmental bacterial strains. We observed that diverse exometabolites were produced and provide evidence that these exometabolites accumulate over time through release by intact cells. Additionally, each bacterial strain had a characteristic exometabolite profile and exhibited dynamics in exometabolite composition. This work affirms that stationary phase is metabolically dynamic, with each strain tested creating a unique chemical signature in the extracellular space and altering metabolism in stationary phase. These findings set the stage for understanding how bacterial populations can support surrounding neighbors in environments with prolonged nutrient exhaustion through exometabolite-mediated interspecies interactions.
format	article
author	John L. Chodkowski Ashley Shade
author_facet	John L. Chodkowski Ashley Shade
author_sort	John L. Chodkowski
title	Exometabolite Dynamics over Stationary Phase Reveal Strain-Specific Responses
title_short	Exometabolite Dynamics over Stationary Phase Reveal Strain-Specific Responses
title_full	Exometabolite Dynamics over Stationary Phase Reveal Strain-Specific Responses
title_fullStr	Exometabolite Dynamics over Stationary Phase Reveal Strain-Specific Responses
title_full_unstemmed	Exometabolite Dynamics over Stationary Phase Reveal Strain-Specific Responses
title_sort	exometabolite dynamics over stationary phase reveal strain-specific responses
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/1673a45c59c749dcb77d59059344bbcb
work_keys_str_mv	AT johnlchodkowski exometabolitedynamicsoverstationaryphaserevealstrainspecificresponses AT ashleyshade exometabolitedynamicsoverstationaryphaserevealstrainspecificresponses
_version_	1718375945061007360

Exometabolite Dynamics over Stationary Phase Reveal Strain-Specific Responses

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