Gram-Negative Bacteria from Organic and Conventional Agriculture in the Hydrographic Basin of Loja: Quality or Pathogen Reservoir?

Organic and conventional agriculture are vital for the development of human society; however, the use of contaminated water and the inappropriate use of organic chemical fertilizers can lead to an increase in the microbial load (potentially pathogenic) of the normal microbiota of the agricultural so...

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Autores principales:	Darío Cruz, Rodrigo Cisneros, Ángel Benítez, Wilson Zúñiga-Sarango, Jhoan Peña, Heriberto Fernández, Andrea Jaramillo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	enteropathogens organic manure chemical fertilizer biochemical tests environmental contamination Agriculture S
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4ddd3b2a7d794c77a05b679482802d1f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4ddd3b2a7d794c77a05b679482802d1f2021-11-25T16:12:37ZGram-Negative Bacteria from Organic and Conventional Agriculture in the Hydrographic Basin of Loja: Quality or Pathogen Reservoir?10.3390/agronomy111123622073-4395https://doaj.org/article/4ddd3b2a7d794c77a05b679482802d1f2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/11/2362https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395Organic and conventional agriculture are vital for the development of human society; however, the use of contaminated water and the inappropriate use of organic chemical fertilizers can lead to an increase in the microbial load (potentially pathogenic) of the normal microbiota of the agricultural soil. In this context, the aim of our study was to isolate Gram-negative bacteria from the superficial soil layer and irrigation water of agricultural areas (11 organic farms and nine conventional farms) and consider their potential ecological and health risk importance. Through culture isolation using three bacterial media (TSA) trypticase soy agar (general nutritive media); MacConkey Gram-negative bacteria and (EMB) eosin methylene blue agar (selective for Enterobacteriaceae) and classical biochemical tests, we recorded a total of 12 bacterial species, most belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, such as <i>Enterobacter</i>, <i>Escherichia</i>, <i>Klebsiella</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> and <i>Shigella</i>, which can be pathogenic for humans and animals. In contrast, bacteria such as <i>Pantoea agglomerans</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>P. fluorescens</i> and <i>Burkholderia mallei</i> could facultatively work as diazotrophic or plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Soil bacteria richness detected with the media applied was significantly higher than water bacteria, but we found no significant differences between organic and conventional agriculture. We conclude that the isolated bacteria in water and soil mostly belongs to enteropathogenic bacteria which could be pathogenic to animals and humans. While other bacteria like <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> could be viewed as useful by improving nutrient availability in agricultural soil.Darío CruzRodrigo CisnerosÁngel BenítezWilson Zúñiga-SarangoJhoan PeñaHeriberto FernándezAndrea JaramilloMDPI AGarticleenteropathogensorganic manurechemical fertilizerbiochemical testsenvironmental contaminationAgricultureSENAgronomy, Vol 11, Iss 2362, p 2362 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	enteropathogens organic manure chemical fertilizer biochemical tests environmental contamination Agriculture S
spellingShingle	enteropathogens organic manure chemical fertilizer biochemical tests environmental contamination Agriculture S Darío Cruz Rodrigo Cisneros Ángel Benítez Wilson Zúñiga-Sarango Jhoan Peña Heriberto Fernández Andrea Jaramillo Gram-Negative Bacteria from Organic and Conventional Agriculture in the Hydrographic Basin of Loja: Quality or Pathogen Reservoir?
description	Organic and conventional agriculture are vital for the development of human society; however, the use of contaminated water and the inappropriate use of organic chemical fertilizers can lead to an increase in the microbial load (potentially pathogenic) of the normal microbiota of the agricultural soil. In this context, the aim of our study was to isolate Gram-negative bacteria from the superficial soil layer and irrigation water of agricultural areas (11 organic farms and nine conventional farms) and consider their potential ecological and health risk importance. Through culture isolation using three bacterial media (TSA) trypticase soy agar (general nutritive media); MacConkey Gram-negative bacteria and (EMB) eosin methylene blue agar (selective for Enterobacteriaceae) and classical biochemical tests, we recorded a total of 12 bacterial species, most belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, such as <i>Enterobacter</i>, <i>Escherichia</i>, <i>Klebsiella</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> and <i>Shigella</i>, which can be pathogenic for humans and animals. In contrast, bacteria such as <i>Pantoea agglomerans</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>P. fluorescens</i> and <i>Burkholderia mallei</i> could facultatively work as diazotrophic or plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Soil bacteria richness detected with the media applied was significantly higher than water bacteria, but we found no significant differences between organic and conventional agriculture. We conclude that the isolated bacteria in water and soil mostly belongs to enteropathogenic bacteria which could be pathogenic to animals and humans. While other bacteria like <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> could be viewed as useful by improving nutrient availability in agricultural soil.
format	article
author	Darío Cruz Rodrigo Cisneros Ángel Benítez Wilson Zúñiga-Sarango Jhoan Peña Heriberto Fernández Andrea Jaramillo
author_facet	Darío Cruz Rodrigo Cisneros Ángel Benítez Wilson Zúñiga-Sarango Jhoan Peña Heriberto Fernández Andrea Jaramillo
author_sort	Darío Cruz
title	Gram-Negative Bacteria from Organic and Conventional Agriculture in the Hydrographic Basin of Loja: Quality or Pathogen Reservoir?
title_short	Gram-Negative Bacteria from Organic and Conventional Agriculture in the Hydrographic Basin of Loja: Quality or Pathogen Reservoir?
title_full	Gram-Negative Bacteria from Organic and Conventional Agriculture in the Hydrographic Basin of Loja: Quality or Pathogen Reservoir?
title_fullStr	Gram-Negative Bacteria from Organic and Conventional Agriculture in the Hydrographic Basin of Loja: Quality or Pathogen Reservoir?
title_full_unstemmed	Gram-Negative Bacteria from Organic and Conventional Agriculture in the Hydrographic Basin of Loja: Quality or Pathogen Reservoir?
title_sort	gram-negative bacteria from organic and conventional agriculture in the hydrographic basin of loja: quality or pathogen reservoir?
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/4ddd3b2a7d794c77a05b679482802d1f
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Gram-Negative Bacteria from Organic and Conventional Agriculture in the Hydrographic Basin of Loja: Quality or Pathogen Reservoir?

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