Food Processing and Phthalate Exposure: The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1993–1996 and 2005–2008)

Background: Phthalates esters are widely used commercially and can leach from a food container or food packaging. Few studies have been conducted in Asia regarding food processed to varying levels and human phthalate exposure. This study aimed to evaluate the association between unprocessed and ultr...

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Autores principales:	Yi-Chen Huang, Pei-Ru Huang, Yuan-Ting C. Lo, Chien-Wen Sun, Wen-Harn Pan, Shu-Li Wang, Han-Bin Huang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	unprocessed food ultra-processed food phthalates food processing general population Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/51f2327ff6b24f6bbde62b4fcd5e3266
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:51f2327ff6b24f6bbde62b4fcd5e32662021-11-17T06:54:52ZFood Processing and Phthalate Exposure: The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1993–1996 and 2005–2008)2296-861X10.3389/fnut.2021.766992https://doaj.org/article/51f2327ff6b24f6bbde62b4fcd5e32662021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.766992/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-861XBackground: Phthalates esters are widely used commercially and can leach from a food container or food packaging. Few studies have been conducted in Asia regarding food processed to varying levels and human phthalate exposure. This study aimed to evaluate the association between unprocessed and ultra-processed food intake and urinary phthalate metabolite levels in the Taiwanese adult population.Methods: A total of 516 participant data were extracted from the cross-sectional 1993–1996 and 2005–2008 Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan of those aged over 18 years, where urinary measures and one 24-h dietary recall were collected. Urinary concentrations of dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites including monomethyl phthalate, monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobutyl phthalate (MBP), monobenzyl phthalate, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate were measured in spot urine samples. The NOVA food processing classification system was applied to divide all consumed foods into four mutually exclusive groups including unprocessed or minimally processed, processed culinary ingredients, processed and ultra-processed food. Generalized linear models were employed to examine the associations between the percentage quartiles (Qs) of unprocessed and ultra-processed foods in the total weight of food and the urinary phthalate metabolites.Results: Compared with participants in the lowest quartiles (Q1) of ultra-processed food intake, highest ultra-processed food intake (Q4) had 65.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.83, 162) higher urinary concentrations of MEP after adjusted for covariates. In contrast, the higher unprocessed food consumption was inversely associated with urinary concentrations of MEP and MBP (P for trend = 0.03). When compared to the lowest unprocessed food consumers (Q1), higher consumers (Q4) presented 38.6% (95% CI: −61.3, −2.59) lower MEP concentrations and 23.1% (95% CI: −38.5, −3.71) lower MBP concentrations.Conclusion: Ultra-processed food consumption was associated with increased concentrations of urinary MEP. Conversely, consuming unprocessed food was associated with lower concentrations of MEP and MBP in the Asian Taiwanese adult population.Yi-Chen HuangPei-Ru HuangYuan-Ting C. LoChien-Wen SunWen-Harn PanShu-Li WangShu-Li WangHan-Bin HuangFrontiers Media S.A.articleunprocessed foodultra-processed foodphthalatesfood processinggeneral populationNutrition. Foods and food supplyTX341-641ENFrontiers in Nutrition, Vol 8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	unprocessed food ultra-processed food phthalates food processing general population Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
spellingShingle	unprocessed food ultra-processed food phthalates food processing general population Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641 Yi-Chen Huang Pei-Ru Huang Yuan-Ting C. Lo Chien-Wen Sun Wen-Harn Pan Shu-Li Wang Shu-Li Wang Han-Bin Huang Food Processing and Phthalate Exposure: The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1993–1996 and 2005–2008)
description	Background: Phthalates esters are widely used commercially and can leach from a food container or food packaging. Few studies have been conducted in Asia regarding food processed to varying levels and human phthalate exposure. This study aimed to evaluate the association between unprocessed and ultra-processed food intake and urinary phthalate metabolite levels in the Taiwanese adult population.Methods: A total of 516 participant data were extracted from the cross-sectional 1993–1996 and 2005–2008 Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan of those aged over 18 years, where urinary measures and one 24-h dietary recall were collected. Urinary concentrations of dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites including monomethyl phthalate, monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobutyl phthalate (MBP), monobenzyl phthalate, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate were measured in spot urine samples. The NOVA food processing classification system was applied to divide all consumed foods into four mutually exclusive groups including unprocessed or minimally processed, processed culinary ingredients, processed and ultra-processed food. Generalized linear models were employed to examine the associations between the percentage quartiles (Qs) of unprocessed and ultra-processed foods in the total weight of food and the urinary phthalate metabolites.Results: Compared with participants in the lowest quartiles (Q1) of ultra-processed food intake, highest ultra-processed food intake (Q4) had 65.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.83, 162) higher urinary concentrations of MEP after adjusted for covariates. In contrast, the higher unprocessed food consumption was inversely associated with urinary concentrations of MEP and MBP (P for trend = 0.03). When compared to the lowest unprocessed food consumers (Q1), higher consumers (Q4) presented 38.6% (95% CI: −61.3, −2.59) lower MEP concentrations and 23.1% (95% CI: −38.5, −3.71) lower MBP concentrations.Conclusion: Ultra-processed food consumption was associated with increased concentrations of urinary MEP. Conversely, consuming unprocessed food was associated with lower concentrations of MEP and MBP in the Asian Taiwanese adult population.
format	article
author	Yi-Chen Huang Pei-Ru Huang Yuan-Ting C. Lo Chien-Wen Sun Wen-Harn Pan Shu-Li Wang Shu-Li Wang Han-Bin Huang
author_facet	Yi-Chen Huang Pei-Ru Huang Yuan-Ting C. Lo Chien-Wen Sun Wen-Harn Pan Shu-Li Wang Shu-Li Wang Han-Bin Huang
author_sort	Yi-Chen Huang
title	Food Processing and Phthalate Exposure: The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1993–1996 and 2005–2008)
title_short	Food Processing and Phthalate Exposure: The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1993–1996 and 2005–2008)
title_full	Food Processing and Phthalate Exposure: The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1993–1996 and 2005–2008)
title_fullStr	Food Processing and Phthalate Exposure: The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1993–1996 and 2005–2008)
title_full_unstemmed	Food Processing and Phthalate Exposure: The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1993–1996 and 2005–2008)
title_sort	food processing and phthalate exposure: the nutrition and health survey in taiwan (1993–1996 and 2005–2008)
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/51f2327ff6b24f6bbde62b4fcd5e3266
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Food Processing and Phthalate Exposure: The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1993–1996 and 2005–2008)

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