Broadly Reactive Influenza Antibodies Are Not Limited by Germinal Center Competition with High-Affinity Antibodies

ABSTRACT Enhancing the generation of broadly reactive antibodies against influenza A virus (IAV) is a pertinent goal toward developing a universal IAV vaccine. While antibodies that bind conserved IAV epitopes have been identified in humans, antibodies specific for the variable epitopes are much mor...

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Autores principales:	Rachael Keating, Jenny L. Johnson, David C. Brice, Jocelyn G. Labombarde, Alexander L. Dent, Maureen A. McGargill
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2020
Materias:	antibody repertoire humoral immunity influenza influenza vaccines Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5b32c45fd4eb4b00b07f17f7bdc5be4e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5b32c45fd4eb4b00b07f17f7bdc5be4e2021-11-15T15:55:43ZBroadly Reactive Influenza Antibodies Are Not Limited by Germinal Center Competition with High-Affinity Antibodies10.1128/mBio.01859-202150-7511https://doaj.org/article/5b32c45fd4eb4b00b07f17f7bdc5be4e2020-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.01859-20https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Enhancing the generation of broadly reactive antibodies against influenza A virus (IAV) is a pertinent goal toward developing a universal IAV vaccine. While antibodies that bind conserved IAV epitopes have been identified in humans, antibodies specific for the variable epitopes are much more prevalent than antibodies recognizing conserved epitopes. It is important to define the factors that limit the generation of broadly reactive IAV antibodies in order to develop an effective universal IAV vaccine. The predominant theory is that competition within germinal centers favors the synthesis of high-affinity antibodies specific for the variable region of the virus, and limits antibodies specific for conserved IAV epitopes. Here, we show that reducing germinal center formation and removing competition with high-affinity antibodies was not sufficient to increase broadly reactive IAV antibodies or enhance protection against distinct IAV subtypes. These data disprove the prevailing hypothesis that broadly reactive IAV antibodies are rare due to competition within germinal centers, and reveal the critical need to further investigate factors that limit broadly reactive IAV antibodies. Additionally, our data show that IAV-specific IgM antibodies persist in mice in the absence of germinal centers, highlighting the protective capacity of germinal center-independent IgM antibodies, which are not typically considered when testing correlates of protection, and offer an alternate target for delivering a universal IAV vaccine. IMPORTANCE It is estimated that 250,000 to 650,000 individuals worldwide die each year from seasonal influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Current vaccines provide little protection against newly emerging strains. Thus, considerable effort is focused on enhancing the generation of broadly reactive IAV antibodies in order to develop a universal IAV vaccine. However, broadly reactive IAV antibodies are rare and the factors that limit their generation are not completely understood. Our data disprove the prevailing hypothesis that broadly reactive IAV antibodies are uncommon due to competition in the germinal centers with antibodies specific for the variable, hemagglutinin (HA) head. Understanding the factors that constrain development of antibodies specific for conserved regions of IAV is imperative for developing an effective universal IAV vaccine, which could potentially circumvent a catastrophic pandemic. These findings are significant as they highlight the importance of investigating other mechanisms that contribute to the paucity of broadly reactive IAV antibodies.Rachael KeatingJenny L. JohnsonDavid C. BriceJocelyn G. LabombardeAlexander L. DentMaureen A. McGargillAmerican Society for Microbiologyarticleantibody repertoirehumoral immunityinfluenzainfluenza vaccinesMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 11, Iss 6 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	antibody repertoire humoral immunity influenza influenza vaccines Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	antibody repertoire humoral immunity influenza influenza vaccines Microbiology QR1-502 Rachael Keating Jenny L. Johnson David C. Brice Jocelyn G. Labombarde Alexander L. Dent Maureen A. McGargill Broadly Reactive Influenza Antibodies Are Not Limited by Germinal Center Competition with High-Affinity Antibodies
description	ABSTRACT Enhancing the generation of broadly reactive antibodies against influenza A virus (IAV) is a pertinent goal toward developing a universal IAV vaccine. While antibodies that bind conserved IAV epitopes have been identified in humans, antibodies specific for the variable epitopes are much more prevalent than antibodies recognizing conserved epitopes. It is important to define the factors that limit the generation of broadly reactive IAV antibodies in order to develop an effective universal IAV vaccine. The predominant theory is that competition within germinal centers favors the synthesis of high-affinity antibodies specific for the variable region of the virus, and limits antibodies specific for conserved IAV epitopes. Here, we show that reducing germinal center formation and removing competition with high-affinity antibodies was not sufficient to increase broadly reactive IAV antibodies or enhance protection against distinct IAV subtypes. These data disprove the prevailing hypothesis that broadly reactive IAV antibodies are rare due to competition within germinal centers, and reveal the critical need to further investigate factors that limit broadly reactive IAV antibodies. Additionally, our data show that IAV-specific IgM antibodies persist in mice in the absence of germinal centers, highlighting the protective capacity of germinal center-independent IgM antibodies, which are not typically considered when testing correlates of protection, and offer an alternate target for delivering a universal IAV vaccine. IMPORTANCE It is estimated that 250,000 to 650,000 individuals worldwide die each year from seasonal influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Current vaccines provide little protection against newly emerging strains. Thus, considerable effort is focused on enhancing the generation of broadly reactive IAV antibodies in order to develop a universal IAV vaccine. However, broadly reactive IAV antibodies are rare and the factors that limit their generation are not completely understood. Our data disprove the prevailing hypothesis that broadly reactive IAV antibodies are uncommon due to competition in the germinal centers with antibodies specific for the variable, hemagglutinin (HA) head. Understanding the factors that constrain development of antibodies specific for conserved regions of IAV is imperative for developing an effective universal IAV vaccine, which could potentially circumvent a catastrophic pandemic. These findings are significant as they highlight the importance of investigating other mechanisms that contribute to the paucity of broadly reactive IAV antibodies.
format	article
author	Rachael Keating Jenny L. Johnson David C. Brice Jocelyn G. Labombarde Alexander L. Dent Maureen A. McGargill
author_facet	Rachael Keating Jenny L. Johnson David C. Brice Jocelyn G. Labombarde Alexander L. Dent Maureen A. McGargill
author_sort	Rachael Keating
title	Broadly Reactive Influenza Antibodies Are Not Limited by Germinal Center Competition with High-Affinity Antibodies
title_short	Broadly Reactive Influenza Antibodies Are Not Limited by Germinal Center Competition with High-Affinity Antibodies
title_full	Broadly Reactive Influenza Antibodies Are Not Limited by Germinal Center Competition with High-Affinity Antibodies
title_fullStr	Broadly Reactive Influenza Antibodies Are Not Limited by Germinal Center Competition with High-Affinity Antibodies
title_full_unstemmed	Broadly Reactive Influenza Antibodies Are Not Limited by Germinal Center Competition with High-Affinity Antibodies
title_sort	broadly reactive influenza antibodies are not limited by germinal center competition with high-affinity antibodies
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/5b32c45fd4eb4b00b07f17f7bdc5be4e
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Broadly Reactive Influenza Antibodies Are Not Limited by Germinal Center Competition with High-Affinity Antibodies

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