-SO3H-functionalization of sub-bituminous coal as a highly active acidic catalyst during the transesterification of spent sunflower oil; characterization, application, and mechanism

Raw coal without carbonization was treated with sulfuric acid at different concentrations (70% to 95%) as a controlled sulfonation process to produce a simple and effective acidic catalyst. The synthetic catalyst (S.Coal) at the best H2SO4 concentration (95%) showed the best acid density (8.4 mmol/g...

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Autores principales:	Sherouk M. Ibrahim, Ahmed M. El-Sherbeeny, Jae-Jin Shim, Ali A. AlHammadi, Mostafa R. Abukhadra
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Coal Sulfonation Acidic catalyst Transesterification Waste sunflower oil Kinetics Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering TK1-9971
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/60b15647faee49c48cf8ed33e0ecdf1b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:60b15647faee49c48cf8ed33e0ecdf1b2021-11-28T04:34:29Z-SO3H-functionalization of sub-bituminous coal as a highly active acidic catalyst during the transesterification of spent sunflower oil; characterization, application, and mechanism2352-484710.1016/j.egyr.2021.11.139https://doaj.org/article/60b15647faee49c48cf8ed33e0ecdf1b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484721012865https://doaj.org/toc/2352-4847Raw coal without carbonization was treated with sulfuric acid at different concentrations (70% to 95%) as a controlled sulfonation process to produce a simple and effective acidic catalyst. The synthetic catalyst (S.Coal) at the best H2SO4 concentration (95%) showed the best acid density (8.4 mmol/g), the best surface area (26.4 m2/g), and the best catalytic activity during the transesterification of the waste sunflower oil. The best yield (98.8%) at low-temperature conditions (40 °C) was achieved after 60 min using 3 g of the catalyst and at a methanol/oil ratio of 20:1. At high-temperature conditions (120 °C), the yield was enhanced to 99.5% after 30 min only considering the catalyst quantity and the methanol content as the same values. The S.Coal as a catalyst is of remarkable reusability for five transesterification runs either at low-temperature conditions (40 °C) or at high-temperature conditions (120 °C). Additionally, the catalyst is of higher catalytic performances than several basic and acidic catalysts demonstrate the efficiency of the sulfonation process on the raw coal without carbonization. The kinetic properties of the occurred transesterification reactions over S.coal followed the Pseudo-First order behavior and of low activation energy.Sherouk M. IbrahimAhmed M. El-SherbeenyJae-Jin ShimAli A. AlHammadiMostafa R. AbukhadraElsevierarticleCoalSulfonationAcidic catalystTransesterificationWaste sunflower oilKineticsElectrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineeringTK1-9971ENEnergy Reports, Vol 7, Iss , Pp 8699-8710 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Coal Sulfonation Acidic catalyst Transesterification Waste sunflower oil Kinetics Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering TK1-9971
spellingShingle	Coal Sulfonation Acidic catalyst Transesterification Waste sunflower oil Kinetics Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering TK1-9971 Sherouk M. Ibrahim Ahmed M. El-Sherbeeny Jae-Jin Shim Ali A. AlHammadi Mostafa R. Abukhadra -SO3H-functionalization of sub-bituminous coal as a highly active acidic catalyst during the transesterification of spent sunflower oil; characterization, application, and mechanism
description	Raw coal without carbonization was treated with sulfuric acid at different concentrations (70% to 95%) as a controlled sulfonation process to produce a simple and effective acidic catalyst. The synthetic catalyst (S.Coal) at the best H2SO4 concentration (95%) showed the best acid density (8.4 mmol/g), the best surface area (26.4 m2/g), and the best catalytic activity during the transesterification of the waste sunflower oil. The best yield (98.8%) at low-temperature conditions (40 °C) was achieved after 60 min using 3 g of the catalyst and at a methanol/oil ratio of 20:1. At high-temperature conditions (120 °C), the yield was enhanced to 99.5% after 30 min only considering the catalyst quantity and the methanol content as the same values. The S.Coal as a catalyst is of remarkable reusability for five transesterification runs either at low-temperature conditions (40 °C) or at high-temperature conditions (120 °C). Additionally, the catalyst is of higher catalytic performances than several basic and acidic catalysts demonstrate the efficiency of the sulfonation process on the raw coal without carbonization. The kinetic properties of the occurred transesterification reactions over S.coal followed the Pseudo-First order behavior and of low activation energy.
format	article
author	Sherouk M. Ibrahim Ahmed M. El-Sherbeeny Jae-Jin Shim Ali A. AlHammadi Mostafa R. Abukhadra
author_facet	Sherouk M. Ibrahim Ahmed M. El-Sherbeeny Jae-Jin Shim Ali A. AlHammadi Mostafa R. Abukhadra
author_sort	Sherouk M. Ibrahim
title	-SO3H-functionalization of sub-bituminous coal as a highly active acidic catalyst during the transesterification of spent sunflower oil; characterization, application, and mechanism
title_short	-SO3H-functionalization of sub-bituminous coal as a highly active acidic catalyst during the transesterification of spent sunflower oil; characterization, application, and mechanism
title_full	-SO3H-functionalization of sub-bituminous coal as a highly active acidic catalyst during the transesterification of spent sunflower oil; characterization, application, and mechanism
title_fullStr	-SO3H-functionalization of sub-bituminous coal as a highly active acidic catalyst during the transesterification of spent sunflower oil; characterization, application, and mechanism
title_full_unstemmed	-SO3H-functionalization of sub-bituminous coal as a highly active acidic catalyst during the transesterification of spent sunflower oil; characterization, application, and mechanism
title_sort	-so3h-functionalization of sub-bituminous coal as a highly active acidic catalyst during the transesterification of spent sunflower oil; characterization, application, and mechanism
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/60b15647faee49c48cf8ed33e0ecdf1b
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-SO3H-functionalization of sub-bituminous coal as a highly active acidic catalyst during the transesterification of spent sunflower oil; characterization, application, and mechanism

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