Biochemical Response to Freezing in the Siberian Salamander <i>Salamandrella keyserlingii</i>

The Siberian salamander <i>Salamandrella keyserlingii</i> Dybowski, 1870 is a unique amphibian that is capable to survive long-term freezing at −55 °C. Nothing is known on the biochemical basis of this remarkable freezing tolerance, except for the fact that it uses glycerol as a low mole...

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Autores principales:	Sergei V. Shekhovtsov, Nina A. Bulakhova, Yuri P. Tsentalovich, Ekaterina A. Zelentsova, Ekaterina N. Meshcheryakova, Tatiana V. Poluboyarova, Daniil I. Berman
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	freeze tolerance freezing cryoprotectants glycolysis Siberian salamander <i>Salamandrella keyserlingii</i> Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/67a18d285c854eb493c248aee98cf437
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:67a18d285c854eb493c248aee98cf4372021-11-25T16:47:40ZBiochemical Response to Freezing in the Siberian Salamander <i>Salamandrella keyserlingii</i>10.3390/biology101111722079-7737https://doaj.org/article/67a18d285c854eb493c248aee98cf4372021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/11/1172https://doaj.org/toc/2079-7737The Siberian salamander <i>Salamandrella keyserlingii</i> Dybowski, 1870 is a unique amphibian that is capable to survive long-term freezing at −55 °C. Nothing is known on the biochemical basis of this remarkable freezing tolerance, except for the fact that it uses glycerol as a low molecular weight cryoprotectant. We used <sup>1</sup>H-NMR analysis to study quantitative changes of multiple metabolites in liver and hindlimb muscle of <i>S. keyserlingii</i> in response to freezing. For the majority of molecules we observed significant changes in concentrations. Glycerol content in frozen organs was as high as 2% w/w, which confirms its role as a cryoprotectant. No other putative cryoprotectants were detected. Freezing resulted in ischemia manifested as increased concentrations of glycolysis products: lactate and alanine. Unexpectedly, we detected no increase in concentrations of succinate, which accumulates under ischemia in various tetrapods. Freezing proved to be a dramatic stress with reduced adenosine phosphate pool and high levels of nucleotide degradation products (hypoxanthine, β-alanine, and β-aminoisobutyrate). There was also significant increase in the concentrations of choline and glycerophosphocholine, which may be interpreted as the degradation of biomembranes. Thus, we found that freezing results not only in macroscopical damage due to ice formation, but also to degradation of DNA and biomembranes.Sergei V. ShekhovtsovNina A. BulakhovaYuri P. TsentalovichEkaterina A. ZelentsovaEkaterina N. MeshcheryakovaTatiana V. PoluboyarovaDaniil I. BermanMDPI AGarticlefreeze tolerancefreezingcryoprotectantsglycolysisSiberian salamander<i>Salamandrella keyserlingii</i>Biology (General)QH301-705.5ENBiology, Vol 10, Iss 1172, p 1172 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	freeze tolerance freezing cryoprotectants glycolysis Siberian salamander <i>Salamandrella keyserlingii</i> Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	freeze tolerance freezing cryoprotectants glycolysis Siberian salamander <i>Salamandrella keyserlingii</i> Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Sergei V. Shekhovtsov Nina A. Bulakhova Yuri P. Tsentalovich Ekaterina A. Zelentsova Ekaterina N. Meshcheryakova Tatiana V. Poluboyarova Daniil I. Berman Biochemical Response to Freezing in the Siberian Salamander <i>Salamandrella keyserlingii</i>
description	The Siberian salamander <i>Salamandrella keyserlingii</i> Dybowski, 1870 is a unique amphibian that is capable to survive long-term freezing at −55 °C. Nothing is known on the biochemical basis of this remarkable freezing tolerance, except for the fact that it uses glycerol as a low molecular weight cryoprotectant. We used <sup>1</sup>H-NMR analysis to study quantitative changes of multiple metabolites in liver and hindlimb muscle of <i>S. keyserlingii</i> in response to freezing. For the majority of molecules we observed significant changes in concentrations. Glycerol content in frozen organs was as high as 2% w/w, which confirms its role as a cryoprotectant. No other putative cryoprotectants were detected. Freezing resulted in ischemia manifested as increased concentrations of glycolysis products: lactate and alanine. Unexpectedly, we detected no increase in concentrations of succinate, which accumulates under ischemia in various tetrapods. Freezing proved to be a dramatic stress with reduced adenosine phosphate pool and high levels of nucleotide degradation products (hypoxanthine, β-alanine, and β-aminoisobutyrate). There was also significant increase in the concentrations of choline and glycerophosphocholine, which may be interpreted as the degradation of biomembranes. Thus, we found that freezing results not only in macroscopical damage due to ice formation, but also to degradation of DNA and biomembranes.
format	article
author	Sergei V. Shekhovtsov Nina A. Bulakhova Yuri P. Tsentalovich Ekaterina A. Zelentsova Ekaterina N. Meshcheryakova Tatiana V. Poluboyarova Daniil I. Berman
author_facet	Sergei V. Shekhovtsov Nina A. Bulakhova Yuri P. Tsentalovich Ekaterina A. Zelentsova Ekaterina N. Meshcheryakova Tatiana V. Poluboyarova Daniil I. Berman
author_sort	Sergei V. Shekhovtsov
title	Biochemical Response to Freezing in the Siberian Salamander <i>Salamandrella keyserlingii</i>
title_short	Biochemical Response to Freezing in the Siberian Salamander <i>Salamandrella keyserlingii</i>
title_full	Biochemical Response to Freezing in the Siberian Salamander <i>Salamandrella keyserlingii</i>
title_fullStr	Biochemical Response to Freezing in the Siberian Salamander <i>Salamandrella keyserlingii</i>
title_full_unstemmed	Biochemical Response to Freezing in the Siberian Salamander <i>Salamandrella keyserlingii</i>
title_sort	biochemical response to freezing in the siberian salamander <i>salamandrella keyserlingii</i>
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/67a18d285c854eb493c248aee98cf437
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Biochemical Response to Freezing in the Siberian Salamander <i>Salamandrella keyserlingii</i>

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