Spatial distributions of XCO2 seasonal cycle amplitude and phase over northern high-latitude regions

Satellite-based observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) provide measurements in remote regions, such as the biologically sensitive but undersampled northern high l...

Descripción completa

Guardado en:

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales:	N. Jacobs, W. R. Simpson, K. A. Graham, C. Holmes, F. Hase, T. Blumenstock, Q. Tu, M. Frey, M. K. Dubey, H. A. Parker, D. Wunch, R. Kivi, P. Heikkinen, J. Notholt, C. Petri, T. Warneke
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Copernicus Publications 2021
Materias:	Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/67c6cb5bfe2b4d808e45094d0f5085aa
Etiquetas:	Agregar Etiqueta Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!

id	oai:doaj.org-article:67c6cb5bfe2b4d808e45094d0f5085aa
record_format	dspace
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 N. Jacobs W. R. Simpson K. A. Graham C. Holmes F. Hase T. Blumenstock Q. Tu M. Frey M. Frey M. K. Dubey H. A. Parker H. A. Parker D. Wunch R. Kivi P. Heikkinen J. Notholt C. Petri T. Warneke Spatial distributions of <i>X</i><sub>CO<sub>2</sub></sub> seasonal cycle amplitude and phase over northern high-latitude regions
description	<p><span id="page16662"/>Satellite-based observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>) provide measurements in remote regions, such as the biologically sensitive but undersampled northern high latitudes, and are progressing toward true global data coverage. Recent improvements in satellite retrievals of total column-averaged dry air mole fractions of CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="ffa38be111dbfeee63825a71ce00a601"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00004.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) from the NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) have allowed for unprecedented data coverage of northern high-latitude regions, while maintaining acceptable accuracy and consistency relative to ground-based observations, and finally providing sufficient data in spring and autumn for analysis of satellite-observed <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="7776a2a308541bd291e7ef776c0343e7"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00005.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00005.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> seasonal cycles across a majority of terrestrial northern high-latitude regions. Here, we present an analysis of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="9c5f33729a91f47302cbefbbf3b84621"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00006.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00006.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> seasonal cycles calculated from OCO-2 data for temperate, boreal, and tundra regions, subdivided into 5<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> latitude by 20<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> longitude zones. We quantify the seasonal cycle amplitudes (SCAs) and the annual half drawdown day (HDD). OCO-2 SCAs are in good agreement with ground-based observations at five high-latitude sites, and OCO-2 SCAs show very close agreement with SCAs calculated for model estimates of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M10" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="c917051b77e0245088d6c20ab845fd7e"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00007.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00007.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Services (CAMS) global inversion-optimized greenhouse gas flux model v19r1 and the CarbonTracker2019 model (CT2019B). Model estimates of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M11" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="9aa58b6eccc12c7532ae0c920409d13c"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00008.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00008.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> from the GEOS-Chem CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> simulation version 12.7.2 with underlying biospheric fluxes from CarbonTracker2019 (GC-CT2019) yield SCAs of larger magnitude and spread over a larger range than those from CAMS, CT2019B, or OCO-2; however, GC-CT2019 SCAs still exhibit a very similar spatial distribution across northern high-latitude regions to that from CAMS, CT2019B, and OCO-2. Zones in the Asian boreal forest were found to have exceptionally large SCA and early HDD, and both OCO-2 data and model estimates yield a distinct longitudinal gradient of increasing SCA from west to east across the Eurasian continent. In northern high-latitude regions, spanning latitudes from 47 to 72<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> N, longitudinal gradients in both SCA and HDD are at least as pronounced as latitudinal gradients, suggesting a role for global atmospheric transport patterns in defining spatial distributions of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M14" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="52fca73a5c414b78d5528ffe5e158e66"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00009.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00009.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> seasonality across these regions. GEOS-Chem surface contact tracers show that the largest <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M15" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="3f90b0203edb30533269dc42aa7d6039"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00010.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00010.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> SCAs occur in areas with the greatest contact with land surfaces, integrated over 15–30 d. The correlation of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M16" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="b9c8220be57a66a58e2bc2aa836ab32b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00011.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00011.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> SCA with these land surface contact tracers is stronger than the correlation of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M17" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="066fa01c4616a3a8c948d84d4d692083"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00012.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00012.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> SCA with the SCA of CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> fluxes or the total annual CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> flux within each 5<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> latitude by 20<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> longitude zone. This indicates that accumulation of terrestrial CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> flux during atmospheric transport is a major driver of regional variations in <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M23" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="7b569c2c35d4f9c105038ecc28414dc1"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00013.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00013.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> SCA.</p>
format	article
author	N. Jacobs W. R. Simpson K. A. Graham C. Holmes F. Hase T. Blumenstock Q. Tu M. Frey M. Frey M. K. Dubey H. A. Parker H. A. Parker D. Wunch R. Kivi P. Heikkinen J. Notholt C. Petri T. Warneke
author_facet	N. Jacobs W. R. Simpson K. A. Graham C. Holmes F. Hase T. Blumenstock Q. Tu M. Frey M. Frey M. K. Dubey H. A. Parker H. A. Parker D. Wunch R. Kivi P. Heikkinen J. Notholt C. Petri T. Warneke
author_sort	N. Jacobs
title	Spatial distributions of <i>X</i><sub>CO<sub>2</sub></sub> seasonal cycle amplitude and phase over northern high-latitude regions
title_short	Spatial distributions of <i>X</i><sub>CO<sub>2</sub></sub> seasonal cycle amplitude and phase over northern high-latitude regions
title_full	Spatial distributions of <i>X</i><sub>CO<sub>2</sub></sub> seasonal cycle amplitude and phase over northern high-latitude regions
title_fullStr	Spatial distributions of <i>X</i><sub>CO<sub>2</sub></sub> seasonal cycle amplitude and phase over northern high-latitude regions
title_full_unstemmed	Spatial distributions of <i>X</i><sub>CO<sub>2</sub></sub> seasonal cycle amplitude and phase over northern high-latitude regions
title_sort	spatial distributions of <i>x</i><sub>co<sub>2</sub></sub> seasonal cycle amplitude and phase over northern high-latitude regions
publisher	Copernicus Publications
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/67c6cb5bfe2b4d808e45094d0f5085aa
work_keys_str_mv	AT njacobs spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions AT wrsimpson spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions AT kagraham spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions AT cholmes spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions AT fhase spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions AT tblumenstock spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions AT qtu spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions AT mfrey spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions AT mfrey spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions AT mkdubey spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions AT haparker spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions AT haparker spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions AT dwunch spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions AT rkivi spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions AT pheikkinen spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions AT jnotholt spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions AT cpetri spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions AT twarneke spatialdistributionsofixisubcosub2subsubseasonalcycleamplitudeandphaseovernorthernhighlatituderegions
_version_	1718426552411095040
spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:67c6cb5bfe2b4d808e45094d0f5085aa2021-11-16T10:53:15ZSpatial distributions of <i>X</i><sub>CO<sub>2</sub></sub> seasonal cycle amplitude and phase over northern high-latitude regions10.5194/acp-21-16661-20211680-73161680-7324https://doaj.org/article/67c6cb5bfe2b4d808e45094d0f5085aa2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://acp.copernicus.org/articles/21/16661/2021/acp-21-16661-2021.pdfhttps://doaj.org/toc/1680-7316https://doaj.org/toc/1680-7324<p><span id="page16662"/>Satellite-based observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>) provide measurements in remote regions, such as the biologically sensitive but undersampled northern high latitudes, and are progressing toward true global data coverage. Recent improvements in satellite retrievals of total column-averaged dry air mole fractions of CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="ffa38be111dbfeee63825a71ce00a601"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00004.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) from the NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) have allowed for unprecedented data coverage of northern high-latitude regions, while maintaining acceptable accuracy and consistency relative to ground-based observations, and finally providing sufficient data in spring and autumn for analysis of satellite-observed <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="7776a2a308541bd291e7ef776c0343e7"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00005.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00005.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> seasonal cycles across a majority of terrestrial northern high-latitude regions. Here, we present an analysis of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="9c5f33729a91f47302cbefbbf3b84621"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00006.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00006.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> seasonal cycles calculated from OCO-2 data for temperate, boreal, and tundra regions, subdivided into 5<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> latitude by 20<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> longitude zones. We quantify the seasonal cycle amplitudes (SCAs) and the annual half drawdown day (HDD). OCO-2 SCAs are in good agreement with ground-based observations at five high-latitude sites, and OCO-2 SCAs show very close agreement with SCAs calculated for model estimates of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M10" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="c917051b77e0245088d6c20ab845fd7e"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00007.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00007.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Services (CAMS) global inversion-optimized greenhouse gas flux model v19r1 and the CarbonTracker2019 model (CT2019B). Model estimates of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M11" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="9aa58b6eccc12c7532ae0c920409d13c"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00008.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00008.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> from the GEOS-Chem CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> simulation version 12.7.2 with underlying biospheric fluxes from CarbonTracker2019 (GC-CT2019) yield SCAs of larger magnitude and spread over a larger range than those from CAMS, CT2019B, or OCO-2; however, GC-CT2019 SCAs still exhibit a very similar spatial distribution across northern high-latitude regions to that from CAMS, CT2019B, and OCO-2. Zones in the Asian boreal forest were found to have exceptionally large SCA and early HDD, and both OCO-2 data and model estimates yield a distinct longitudinal gradient of increasing SCA from west to east across the Eurasian continent. In northern high-latitude regions, spanning latitudes from 47 to 72<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> N, longitudinal gradients in both SCA and HDD are at least as pronounced as latitudinal gradients, suggesting a role for global atmospheric transport patterns in defining spatial distributions of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M14" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="52fca73a5c414b78d5528ffe5e158e66"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00009.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00009.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> seasonality across these regions. GEOS-Chem surface contact tracers show that the largest <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M15" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="3f90b0203edb30533269dc42aa7d6039"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00010.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00010.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> SCAs occur in areas with the greatest contact with land surfaces, integrated over 15–30 d. The correlation of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M16" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="b9c8220be57a66a58e2bc2aa836ab32b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00011.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00011.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> SCA with these land surface contact tracers is stronger than the correlation of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M17" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="066fa01c4616a3a8c948d84d4d692083"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00012.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00012.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> SCA with the SCA of CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> fluxes or the total annual CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> flux within each 5<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> latitude by 20<span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span> longitude zone. This indicates that accumulation of terrestrial CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> flux during atmospheric transport is a major driver of regional variations in <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M23" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">CO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="7b569c2c35d4f9c105038ecc28414dc1"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00013.svg" width="25pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16661-2021-ie00013.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> SCA.</p>N. JacobsW. R. SimpsonK. A. GrahamC. HolmesF. HaseT. BlumenstockQ. TuM. FreyM. FreyM. K. DubeyH. A. ParkerH. A. ParkerD. WunchR. KiviP. HeikkinenJ. NotholtC. PetriT. WarnekeCopernicus PublicationsarticlePhysicsQC1-999ChemistryQD1-999ENAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol 21, Pp 16661-16687 (2021)

Spatial distributions of <i>X</i><sub>CO<sub>2</sub></sub> seasonal cycle amplitude and phase over northern high-latitude regions

Ejemplares similares