Investigation of the direct and indirect mechanisms of primary blast insult to the brain

Abstract The interaction of explosion-induced blast waves with the head (i.e., a direct mechanism) or with the torso (i.e., an indirect mechanism) presumably causes traumatic brain injury. However, the understanding of the potential role of each mechanism in causing this injury is still limited. To...

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Autores principales:	Jose E. Rubio, Ginu Unnikrishnan, Venkata Siva Sai Sujith Sajja, Stephen Van Albert, Franco Rossetti, Maciej Skotak, Eren Alay, Aravind Sundaramurthy, Dhananjay Radhakrishnan Subramaniam, Joseph B. Long, Namas Chandra, Jaques Reifman
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/8c5dc977b7d741b781ff719e1e0fac12
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:8c5dc977b7d741b781ff719e1e0fac122021-12-02T18:49:32ZInvestigation of the direct and indirect mechanisms of primary blast insult to the brain10.1038/s41598-021-95003-92045-2322https://doaj.org/article/8c5dc977b7d741b781ff719e1e0fac122021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95003-9https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The interaction of explosion-induced blast waves with the head (i.e., a direct mechanism) or with the torso (i.e., an indirect mechanism) presumably causes traumatic brain injury. However, the understanding of the potential role of each mechanism in causing this injury is still limited. To address this knowledge gap, we characterized the changes in the brain tissue of rats resulting from the direct and indirect mechanisms at 24 h following blast exposure. To this end, we conducted separate blast-wave exposures on rats in a shock tube at an incident overpressure of 130 kPa, while using whole-body, head-only, and torso-only configurations to delineate each mechanism. Then, we performed histopathological (silver staining) and immunohistochemical (GFAP, Iba-1, and NeuN staining) analyses to evaluate brain-tissue changes resulting from each mechanism. Compared to controls, our results showed no significant changes in torso-only-exposed rats. In contrast, we observed significant changes in whole-body-exposed (GFAP and silver staining) and head-only-exposed rats (silver staining). In addition, our analyses showed that a head-only exposure causes changes similar to those observed for a whole-body exposure, provided the exposure conditions are similar. In conclusion, our results suggest that the direct mechanism is the major contributor to blast-induced changes in brain tissues.Jose E. RubioGinu UnnikrishnanVenkata Siva Sai Sujith SajjaStephen Van AlbertFranco RossettiMaciej SkotakEren AlayAravind SundaramurthyDhananjay Radhakrishnan SubramaniamJoseph B. LongNamas ChandraJaques ReifmanNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-16 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Jose E. Rubio Ginu Unnikrishnan Venkata Siva Sai Sujith Sajja Stephen Van Albert Franco Rossetti Maciej Skotak Eren Alay Aravind Sundaramurthy Dhananjay Radhakrishnan Subramaniam Joseph B. Long Namas Chandra Jaques Reifman Investigation of the direct and indirect mechanisms of primary blast insult to the brain
description	Abstract The interaction of explosion-induced blast waves with the head (i.e., a direct mechanism) or with the torso (i.e., an indirect mechanism) presumably causes traumatic brain injury. However, the understanding of the potential role of each mechanism in causing this injury is still limited. To address this knowledge gap, we characterized the changes in the brain tissue of rats resulting from the direct and indirect mechanisms at 24 h following blast exposure. To this end, we conducted separate blast-wave exposures on rats in a shock tube at an incident overpressure of 130 kPa, while using whole-body, head-only, and torso-only configurations to delineate each mechanism. Then, we performed histopathological (silver staining) and immunohistochemical (GFAP, Iba-1, and NeuN staining) analyses to evaluate brain-tissue changes resulting from each mechanism. Compared to controls, our results showed no significant changes in torso-only-exposed rats. In contrast, we observed significant changes in whole-body-exposed (GFAP and silver staining) and head-only-exposed rats (silver staining). In addition, our analyses showed that a head-only exposure causes changes similar to those observed for a whole-body exposure, provided the exposure conditions are similar. In conclusion, our results suggest that the direct mechanism is the major contributor to blast-induced changes in brain tissues.
format	article
author	Jose E. Rubio Ginu Unnikrishnan Venkata Siva Sai Sujith Sajja Stephen Van Albert Franco Rossetti Maciej Skotak Eren Alay Aravind Sundaramurthy Dhananjay Radhakrishnan Subramaniam Joseph B. Long Namas Chandra Jaques Reifman
author_facet	Jose E. Rubio Ginu Unnikrishnan Venkata Siva Sai Sujith Sajja Stephen Van Albert Franco Rossetti Maciej Skotak Eren Alay Aravind Sundaramurthy Dhananjay Radhakrishnan Subramaniam Joseph B. Long Namas Chandra Jaques Reifman
author_sort	Jose E. Rubio
title	Investigation of the direct and indirect mechanisms of primary blast insult to the brain
title_short	Investigation of the direct and indirect mechanisms of primary blast insult to the brain
title_full	Investigation of the direct and indirect mechanisms of primary blast insult to the brain
title_fullStr	Investigation of the direct and indirect mechanisms of primary blast insult to the brain
title_full_unstemmed	Investigation of the direct and indirect mechanisms of primary blast insult to the brain
title_sort	investigation of the direct and indirect mechanisms of primary blast insult to the brain
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/8c5dc977b7d741b781ff719e1e0fac12
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Investigation of the direct and indirect mechanisms of primary blast insult to the brain

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