The Nutritional Profiles of Five Important Edible Insect Species From West Africa—An Analytical and Literature Synthesis

Background: Undernutrition is a prevalent, serious, and growing concern, particularly in developing countries. Entomophagy—the human consumption of edible insects, is a historical and culturally established practice in many regions. Increasing consumption of nutritious insect meal is a possible comb...

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Autores principales:	Jacob P. Anankware, Benjamin J. Roberts, Xavier Cheseto, Isaac Osuga, Vincent Savolainen, C. M. Collins
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	entomophagy nutrition food security Hermetia illucens Musca domestica Rhynchophorus phoenicis Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/9478aec8a55f42a0b38f18c35f45a506
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:9478aec8a55f42a0b38f18c35f45a5062021-12-03T09:06:47ZThe Nutritional Profiles of Five Important Edible Insect Species From West Africa—An Analytical and Literature Synthesis2296-861X10.3389/fnut.2021.792941https://doaj.org/article/9478aec8a55f42a0b38f18c35f45a5062021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.792941/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-861XBackground: Undernutrition is a prevalent, serious, and growing concern, particularly in developing countries. Entomophagy—the human consumption of edible insects, is a historical and culturally established practice in many regions. Increasing consumption of nutritious insect meal is a possible combative strategy and can promote sustainable food security. However, the nutritional literature frequently lacks consensus, with interspecific differences in the nutrient content of edible insects generally being poorly resolved.Aims and methods: Here we present full proximate and fatty acid profiles for five edible insect species of socio-economic importance in West Africa: Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly), Musca domestica (house fly), Rhynchophorus phoenicis (African palm weevil), Cirina butyrospermi (shea tree caterpillar), and Macrotermes bellicosus (African termite). These original profiles, which can be used in future research, are combined with literature-derived proximate, fatty acid, and amino acid profiles to analyse interspecific differences in nutrient content.Results: Interspecific differences in ash (minerals), crude protein, and crude fat contents were substantial. Highest ash content was found in H. illucens and M. domestica (~10 and 7.5% of dry matter, respectively), highest crude protein was found in C. butyrospermi and M. domestica (~60% of dry matter), whilst highest crude fat was found in R. phoenicis (~55% of dry matter). The fatty acid profile of H. illucens was differentiated from the other four species, forming its own cluster in a principal component analysis characterized by high saturated fatty acid content. Cirina butyrospermi had by far the highest poly-unsaturated fatty acid content at around 35% of its total fatty acids, with α-linolenic acid particularly represented. Amino acid analyses revealed that all five species sufficiently met human essential amino acid requirements, although C. butyrospermi was slightly limited in leucine and methionine content.Discussion: The nutritional profiles of these five edible insect species compare favorably to beef and can meet human requirements, promoting entomophagy's utility in combatting undernutrition. In particular, C. butyrospermi may provide a source of essential poly-unsaturated fatty acids, bringing many health benefits. This, along with its high protein content, indicates that this species is worthy of more attention in the nutritional literature, which has thus-far been lacking.Jacob P. AnankwareBenjamin J. RobertsXavier ChesetoIsaac OsugaVincent SavolainenC. M. CollinsFrontiers Media S.A.articleentomophagynutritionfood securityHermetia illucensMusca domesticaRhynchophorus phoenicisNutrition. Foods and food supplyTX341-641ENFrontiers in Nutrition, Vol 8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	entomophagy nutrition food security Hermetia illucens Musca domestica Rhynchophorus phoenicis Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
spellingShingle	entomophagy nutrition food security Hermetia illucens Musca domestica Rhynchophorus phoenicis Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641 Jacob P. Anankware Benjamin J. Roberts Xavier Cheseto Isaac Osuga Vincent Savolainen C. M. Collins The Nutritional Profiles of Five Important Edible Insect Species From West Africa—An Analytical and Literature Synthesis
description	Background: Undernutrition is a prevalent, serious, and growing concern, particularly in developing countries. Entomophagy—the human consumption of edible insects, is a historical and culturally established practice in many regions. Increasing consumption of nutritious insect meal is a possible combative strategy and can promote sustainable food security. However, the nutritional literature frequently lacks consensus, with interspecific differences in the nutrient content of edible insects generally being poorly resolved.Aims and methods: Here we present full proximate and fatty acid profiles for five edible insect species of socio-economic importance in West Africa: Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly), Musca domestica (house fly), Rhynchophorus phoenicis (African palm weevil), Cirina butyrospermi (shea tree caterpillar), and Macrotermes bellicosus (African termite). These original profiles, which can be used in future research, are combined with literature-derived proximate, fatty acid, and amino acid profiles to analyse interspecific differences in nutrient content.Results: Interspecific differences in ash (minerals), crude protein, and crude fat contents were substantial. Highest ash content was found in H. illucens and M. domestica (~10 and 7.5% of dry matter, respectively), highest crude protein was found in C. butyrospermi and M. domestica (~60% of dry matter), whilst highest crude fat was found in R. phoenicis (~55% of dry matter). The fatty acid profile of H. illucens was differentiated from the other four species, forming its own cluster in a principal component analysis characterized by high saturated fatty acid content. Cirina butyrospermi had by far the highest poly-unsaturated fatty acid content at around 35% of its total fatty acids, with α-linolenic acid particularly represented. Amino acid analyses revealed that all five species sufficiently met human essential amino acid requirements, although C. butyrospermi was slightly limited in leucine and methionine content.Discussion: The nutritional profiles of these five edible insect species compare favorably to beef and can meet human requirements, promoting entomophagy's utility in combatting undernutrition. In particular, C. butyrospermi may provide a source of essential poly-unsaturated fatty acids, bringing many health benefits. This, along with its high protein content, indicates that this species is worthy of more attention in the nutritional literature, which has thus-far been lacking.
format	article
author	Jacob P. Anankware Benjamin J. Roberts Xavier Cheseto Isaac Osuga Vincent Savolainen C. M. Collins
author_facet	Jacob P. Anankware Benjamin J. Roberts Xavier Cheseto Isaac Osuga Vincent Savolainen C. M. Collins
author_sort	Jacob P. Anankware
title	The Nutritional Profiles of Five Important Edible Insect Species From West Africa—An Analytical and Literature Synthesis
title_short	The Nutritional Profiles of Five Important Edible Insect Species From West Africa—An Analytical and Literature Synthesis
title_full	The Nutritional Profiles of Five Important Edible Insect Species From West Africa—An Analytical and Literature Synthesis
title_fullStr	The Nutritional Profiles of Five Important Edible Insect Species From West Africa—An Analytical and Literature Synthesis
title_full_unstemmed	The Nutritional Profiles of Five Important Edible Insect Species From West Africa—An Analytical and Literature Synthesis
title_sort	nutritional profiles of five important edible insect species from west africa—an analytical and literature synthesis
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/9478aec8a55f42a0b38f18c35f45a506
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The Nutritional Profiles of Five Important Edible Insect Species From West Africa—An Analytical and Literature Synthesis

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