Worse Theory of Mind in Only-Children Compared to Children With Siblings and Its Intervention

The purpose of this study was to explore theory of mind (ToM) differences in children with different birth orders (only-children, first-born children, and second-born children), and further explore the effect of cognitive verb training for only-children’s ToM. Adopting the paradigm of false belief,...

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Autores principales:	Zhuo Zhang, Haoxue Yu, Muyun Long, Hui Li
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	theory of mind first-born children second-born children siblings only-children cognitive verb training Psychology BF1-990
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/a6c82f97e25e4559bd300e211717480a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:a6c82f97e25e4559bd300e211717480a2021-11-30T23:24:30ZWorse Theory of Mind in Only-Children Compared to Children With Siblings and Its Intervention1664-107810.3389/fpsyg.2021.754168https://doaj.org/article/a6c82f97e25e4559bd300e211717480a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.754168/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-1078The purpose of this study was to explore theory of mind (ToM) differences in children with different birth orders (only-children, first-born children, and second-born children), and further explore the effect of cognitive verb training for only-children’s ToM. Adopting the paradigm of false belief, Study 1 was conducted in which a sample of 120 children aged 3–6, including first-born children, second-born children (siblings aged 1–13 years), and only-children were tested. The results showed that (1) children aged 3–6 had significantly higher scores on first-order false-belief than second-order false-belief. (2) Controlling for age, the only-children scored significantly lower than the first-born children. In Study 2, 28 only-children aged 4–5 (13 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) who initially failed in false-belief tasks were trained with the cognitive verb animations. Significant post-training improvements were observed for only-children who received training of animations embedded with cognitive verb. Those findings indicated that ToM of only-children was significantly worse than first-born children of two-child families, and linguistic training could facilitate ToM of only-children whose ToM were at a disadvantage.Zhuo ZhangHaoxue YuMuyun LongHui LiFrontiers Media S.A.articletheory of mindfirst-born childrensecond-born childrensiblingsonly-childrencognitive verb trainingPsychologyBF1-990ENFrontiers in Psychology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	theory of mind first-born children second-born children siblings only-children cognitive verb training Psychology BF1-990
spellingShingle	theory of mind first-born children second-born children siblings only-children cognitive verb training Psychology BF1-990 Zhuo Zhang Haoxue Yu Muyun Long Hui Li Worse Theory of Mind in Only-Children Compared to Children With Siblings and Its Intervention
description	The purpose of this study was to explore theory of mind (ToM) differences in children with different birth orders (only-children, first-born children, and second-born children), and further explore the effect of cognitive verb training for only-children’s ToM. Adopting the paradigm of false belief, Study 1 was conducted in which a sample of 120 children aged 3–6, including first-born children, second-born children (siblings aged 1–13 years), and only-children were tested. The results showed that (1) children aged 3–6 had significantly higher scores on first-order false-belief than second-order false-belief. (2) Controlling for age, the only-children scored significantly lower than the first-born children. In Study 2, 28 only-children aged 4–5 (13 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) who initially failed in false-belief tasks were trained with the cognitive verb animations. Significant post-training improvements were observed for only-children who received training of animations embedded with cognitive verb. Those findings indicated that ToM of only-children was significantly worse than first-born children of two-child families, and linguistic training could facilitate ToM of only-children whose ToM were at a disadvantage.
format	article
author	Zhuo Zhang Haoxue Yu Muyun Long Hui Li
author_facet	Zhuo Zhang Haoxue Yu Muyun Long Hui Li
author_sort	Zhuo Zhang
title	Worse Theory of Mind in Only-Children Compared to Children With Siblings and Its Intervention
title_short	Worse Theory of Mind in Only-Children Compared to Children With Siblings and Its Intervention
title_full	Worse Theory of Mind in Only-Children Compared to Children With Siblings and Its Intervention
title_fullStr	Worse Theory of Mind in Only-Children Compared to Children With Siblings and Its Intervention
title_full_unstemmed	Worse Theory of Mind in Only-Children Compared to Children With Siblings and Its Intervention
title_sort	worse theory of mind in only-children compared to children with siblings and its intervention
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/a6c82f97e25e4559bd300e211717480a
work_keys_str_mv	AT zhuozhang worsetheoryofmindinonlychildrencomparedtochildrenwithsiblingsanditsintervention AT haoxueyu worsetheoryofmindinonlychildrencomparedtochildrenwithsiblingsanditsintervention AT muyunlong worsetheoryofmindinonlychildrencomparedtochildrenwithsiblingsanditsintervention AT huili worsetheoryofmindinonlychildrencomparedtochildrenwithsiblingsanditsintervention
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Worse Theory of Mind in Only-Children Compared to Children With Siblings and Its Intervention

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