Acute Toxicity and Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Three Volatile Pesticide Additives on the Earthworm—<i>Eisenia fetida</i>

Pesticide adjuvants (PAs) are important components of pesticide. Nonetheless, limited information is available regarding their toxic effects on biota in terrestrial ecosystem. In the present study, the mortality, growth inhibition ratio, and avoidance behavior of <i>Eisenia fetida</i> we...

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Autores principales:	Wenqiang Wang, Jing Zhang, Jingya Wu, Ran Yu, Yimin Zhang, Liwei Sun, Yuexiang Gao
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	pesticide adjuvants <i>Eisenia fetida</i> acute toxicity growth inhibition avoidance behavior Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b1d6f57c7fcd4fe896bcee7a0da6c9c7
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b1d6f57c7fcd4fe896bcee7a0da6c9c72021-11-11T16:22:49ZAcute Toxicity and Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Three Volatile Pesticide Additives on the Earthworm—<i>Eisenia fetida</i>10.3390/ijerph1821112321660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/b1d6f57c7fcd4fe896bcee7a0da6c9c72021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11232https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601Pesticide adjuvants (PAs) are important components of pesticide. Nonetheless, limited information is available regarding their toxic effects on biota in terrestrial ecosystem. In the present study, the mortality, growth inhibition ratio, and avoidance behavior of <i>Eisenia fetida</i> were examined to investigate the ecotoxicological effects of toluene, xylene, and trichloroethylene and further their mixture. The 24 h median lethal concentration (24 h-LC<sub>50</sub>) of the three PAs were 300.23, 1190.45, and 5332.36 mg/kg, and the 48 h-LC<sub>50</sub> values were 221.62, 962.89, and 4522.41 mg/kg, respectively. The mixture exhibited significant synergistic effect on the <i>E. fetida</i>. There was significant growth inhibition on <i>E. fetida</i> by the tested PAs. The avoidance threshold values of <i>E. fetida</i> for the tested PAs were 1100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 5000 mg/kg, and 25% of the mixture, respectively. The results evaluated the toxic effects of the three PAs and their mixture on <i>E. fetida</i>, provided a basis for ecotoxicological risk assessment of PAs in the soil ecosystem.Wenqiang WangJing ZhangJingya WuRan YuYimin ZhangLiwei SunYuexiang GaoMDPI AGarticlepesticide adjuvants<i>Eisenia fetida</i>acute toxicitygrowth inhibitionavoidance behaviorMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11232, p 11232 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	pesticide adjuvants <i>Eisenia fetida</i> acute toxicity growth inhibition avoidance behavior Medicine R
spellingShingle	pesticide adjuvants <i>Eisenia fetida</i> acute toxicity growth inhibition avoidance behavior Medicine R Wenqiang Wang Jing Zhang Jingya Wu Ran Yu Yimin Zhang Liwei Sun Yuexiang Gao Acute Toxicity and Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Three Volatile Pesticide Additives on the Earthworm—<i>Eisenia fetida</i>
description	Pesticide adjuvants (PAs) are important components of pesticide. Nonetheless, limited information is available regarding their toxic effects on biota in terrestrial ecosystem. In the present study, the mortality, growth inhibition ratio, and avoidance behavior of <i>Eisenia fetida</i> were examined to investigate the ecotoxicological effects of toluene, xylene, and trichloroethylene and further their mixture. The 24 h median lethal concentration (24 h-LC<sub>50</sub>) of the three PAs were 300.23, 1190.45, and 5332.36 mg/kg, and the 48 h-LC<sub>50</sub> values were 221.62, 962.89, and 4522.41 mg/kg, respectively. The mixture exhibited significant synergistic effect on the <i>E. fetida</i>. There was significant growth inhibition on <i>E. fetida</i> by the tested PAs. The avoidance threshold values of <i>E. fetida</i> for the tested PAs were 1100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 5000 mg/kg, and 25% of the mixture, respectively. The results evaluated the toxic effects of the three PAs and their mixture on <i>E. fetida</i>, provided a basis for ecotoxicological risk assessment of PAs in the soil ecosystem.
format	article
author	Wenqiang Wang Jing Zhang Jingya Wu Ran Yu Yimin Zhang Liwei Sun Yuexiang Gao
author_facet	Wenqiang Wang Jing Zhang Jingya Wu Ran Yu Yimin Zhang Liwei Sun Yuexiang Gao
author_sort	Wenqiang Wang
title	Acute Toxicity and Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Three Volatile Pesticide Additives on the Earthworm—<i>Eisenia fetida</i>
title_short	Acute Toxicity and Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Three Volatile Pesticide Additives on the Earthworm—<i>Eisenia fetida</i>
title_full	Acute Toxicity and Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Three Volatile Pesticide Additives on the Earthworm—<i>Eisenia fetida</i>
title_fullStr	Acute Toxicity and Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Three Volatile Pesticide Additives on the Earthworm—<i>Eisenia fetida</i>
title_full_unstemmed	Acute Toxicity and Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Three Volatile Pesticide Additives on the Earthworm—<i>Eisenia fetida</i>
title_sort	acute toxicity and ecotoxicological risk assessment of three volatile pesticide additives on the earthworm—<i>eisenia fetida</i>
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b1d6f57c7fcd4fe896bcee7a0da6c9c7
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Acute Toxicity and Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Three Volatile Pesticide Additives on the Earthworm—<i>Eisenia fetida</i>

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