Education Attainment, Intelligence and COVID-19: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Background: Evidence of socioeconomic inequality in COVID-19-related outcomes is emerging, with a higher risk of infection and mortality observed among individuals with lower education attainment. We aimed to evaluate the potential interventions against COVID-19 from the socioeconomic perspective, i...

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Autores principales:	Gloria Hoi-Yee Li, Stanley Kam-Ki Lam, Ian Chi-Kei Wong, Jody Kwok-Pui Chu, Ching-Lung Cheung
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	education intelligence SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Mendelian randomization Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/b23c8310141c43e5bb703a32162dffb9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:b23c8310141c43e5bb703a32162dffb92021-11-11T17:31:50ZEducation Attainment, Intelligence and COVID-19: A Mendelian Randomization Study10.3390/jcm102148702077-0383https://doaj.org/article/b23c8310141c43e5bb703a32162dffb92021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/21/4870https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0383Background: Evidence of socioeconomic inequality in COVID-19-related outcomes is emerging, with a higher risk of infection and mortality observed among individuals with lower education attainment. We aimed to evaluate the potential interventions against COVID-19 from the socioeconomic perspective, including improvement in education and intelligence. Methods: With a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach using summary statistics from the largest genome-wide association meta-analysis, univariable analysis was adopted to evaluate the total causal effects of genetically determined education attainment and intelligence on COVID-19 outcomes. Multivariable analysis was performed to dissect the potential mechanisms. Results: Genetic predisposition to higher education attainment by 1 SD (4.2 years) was independently associated with reduced risk of COVID-19 severity (OR = 0.508 [95% CI: 0.417–0.617]; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Genetically higher education attainment also lowered the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization (0.685 [0.593–0.791]; <i>p</i> < 0.001), but the association was attenuated after adjustment for beta estimates of intelligence in multivariable analysis. Genetically higher intelligence was associated with reduced risk of COVID-19 hospitalization (0.780 [0.655–0.930]; <i>p</i> = 0.006), with attenuation of association after adjustment for education attainment. Null association was observed for genetically determined education attainment and intelligence with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion: Education may act independently and jointly with intelligence in improving the COVID-19 outcomes. Improving education may potentially alleviate the COVID-19-related health inequality.Gloria Hoi-Yee LiStanley Kam-Ki LamIan Chi-Kei WongJody Kwok-Pui ChuChing-Lung CheungMDPI AGarticleeducationintelligenceSARS-CoV-2COVID-19Mendelian randomizationMedicineRENJournal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 10, Iss 4870, p 4870 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	education intelligence SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Mendelian randomization Medicine R
spellingShingle	education intelligence SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Mendelian randomization Medicine R Gloria Hoi-Yee Li Stanley Kam-Ki Lam Ian Chi-Kei Wong Jody Kwok-Pui Chu Ching-Lung Cheung Education Attainment, Intelligence and COVID-19: A Mendelian Randomization Study
description	Background: Evidence of socioeconomic inequality in COVID-19-related outcomes is emerging, with a higher risk of infection and mortality observed among individuals with lower education attainment. We aimed to evaluate the potential interventions against COVID-19 from the socioeconomic perspective, including improvement in education and intelligence. Methods: With a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach using summary statistics from the largest genome-wide association meta-analysis, univariable analysis was adopted to evaluate the total causal effects of genetically determined education attainment and intelligence on COVID-19 outcomes. Multivariable analysis was performed to dissect the potential mechanisms. Results: Genetic predisposition to higher education attainment by 1 SD (4.2 years) was independently associated with reduced risk of COVID-19 severity (OR = 0.508 [95% CI: 0.417–0.617]; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Genetically higher education attainment also lowered the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization (0.685 [0.593–0.791]; <i>p</i> < 0.001), but the association was attenuated after adjustment for beta estimates of intelligence in multivariable analysis. Genetically higher intelligence was associated with reduced risk of COVID-19 hospitalization (0.780 [0.655–0.930]; <i>p</i> = 0.006), with attenuation of association after adjustment for education attainment. Null association was observed for genetically determined education attainment and intelligence with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion: Education may act independently and jointly with intelligence in improving the COVID-19 outcomes. Improving education may potentially alleviate the COVID-19-related health inequality.
format	article
author	Gloria Hoi-Yee Li Stanley Kam-Ki Lam Ian Chi-Kei Wong Jody Kwok-Pui Chu Ching-Lung Cheung
author_facet	Gloria Hoi-Yee Li Stanley Kam-Ki Lam Ian Chi-Kei Wong Jody Kwok-Pui Chu Ching-Lung Cheung
author_sort	Gloria Hoi-Yee Li
title	Education Attainment, Intelligence and COVID-19: A Mendelian Randomization Study
title_short	Education Attainment, Intelligence and COVID-19: A Mendelian Randomization Study
title_full	Education Attainment, Intelligence and COVID-19: A Mendelian Randomization Study
title_fullStr	Education Attainment, Intelligence and COVID-19: A Mendelian Randomization Study
title_full_unstemmed	Education Attainment, Intelligence and COVID-19: A Mendelian Randomization Study
title_sort	education attainment, intelligence and covid-19: a mendelian randomization study
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/b23c8310141c43e5bb703a32162dffb9
work_keys_str_mv	AT gloriahoiyeeli educationattainmentintelligenceandcovid19amendelianrandomizationstudy AT stanleykamkilam educationattainmentintelligenceandcovid19amendelianrandomizationstudy AT ianchikeiwong educationattainmentintelligenceandcovid19amendelianrandomizationstudy AT jodykwokpuichu educationattainmentintelligenceandcovid19amendelianrandomizationstudy AT chinglungcheung educationattainmentintelligenceandcovid19amendelianrandomizationstudy
_version_	1718432084426489856

Education Attainment, Intelligence and COVID-19: A Mendelian Randomization Study

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