Rac1-regulated endothelial radiation response stimulates extravasation and metastasis that can be blocked by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.

Radiotherapy (RT) plays a key role in cancer treatment. Although the benefit of ionizing radiation (IR) is well established, some findings raise the possibility that irradiation of the primary tumor not only triggers a killing response but also increases the metastatic potential of surviving tumor c...

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Autores principales:	Melanie Hamalukic, Johannes Huelsenbeck, Arno Schad, Stefan Wirtz, Bernd Kaina, Gerhard Fritz
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2011
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c2e52461860349a28e44f53b3579f5a2
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c2e52461860349a28e44f53b3579f5a22021-11-18T07:36:07ZRac1-regulated endothelial radiation response stimulates extravasation and metastasis that can be blocked by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0026413https://doaj.org/article/c2e52461860349a28e44f53b3579f5a22011-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22039482/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Radiotherapy (RT) plays a key role in cancer treatment. Although the benefit of ionizing radiation (IR) is well established, some findings raise the possibility that irradiation of the primary tumor not only triggers a killing response but also increases the metastatic potential of surviving tumor cells. Here we addressed the question of whether irradiation of normal cells outside of the primary tumor augments metastasis by stimulating the extravasation of circulating tumor cells. We show that IR exposure of human endothelial cells (EC), tumor cells (TC) or both increases TC-EC adhesion in vitro. IR-stimulated TC-EC adhesion was blocked by the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor lovastatin. Glycyrrhizic acid from liquorice root, which acts as a Sialyl-Lewis X mimetic drug, and the Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 also reduced TC-EC adhesion. To examine the in vivo relevance of these findings, tumorigenic cells were injected into the tail vein of immunodeficient mice followed by total body irradiation (TBI). The data obtained show that TBI dramatically enhances tumor cell extravasation and lung metastasis. This pro-metastatic radiation effect was blocked by pre-treating mice with lovastatin, glycyrrhizic acid or NSC23766. TBI of mice prior to tumor cell transplantation also stimulated metastasis, which was again blocked by lovastatin. The data point to a pro-metastatic trans-effect of RT, which likely rests on the endothelial radiation response promoting the extravasation of circulating tumor cells. Administration of the widely used lipid-lowering drug lovastatin prior to irradiation counteracts this process, likely by suppressing Rac1-regulated E-selectin expression following irradiation. The data support the concern that radiation exposure might increase the extravasation of circulating tumor cells and recommend co-administration of lipid-lowering drugs to avoid this adverse effect of ionizing radiation.Melanie HamalukicJohannes HuelsenbeckArno SchadStefan WirtzBernd KainaGerhard FritzPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 6, Iss 10, p e26413 (2011)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Melanie Hamalukic Johannes Huelsenbeck Arno Schad Stefan Wirtz Bernd Kaina Gerhard Fritz Rac1-regulated endothelial radiation response stimulates extravasation and metastasis that can be blocked by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
description	Radiotherapy (RT) plays a key role in cancer treatment. Although the benefit of ionizing radiation (IR) is well established, some findings raise the possibility that irradiation of the primary tumor not only triggers a killing response but also increases the metastatic potential of surviving tumor cells. Here we addressed the question of whether irradiation of normal cells outside of the primary tumor augments metastasis by stimulating the extravasation of circulating tumor cells. We show that IR exposure of human endothelial cells (EC), tumor cells (TC) or both increases TC-EC adhesion in vitro. IR-stimulated TC-EC adhesion was blocked by the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor lovastatin. Glycyrrhizic acid from liquorice root, which acts as a Sialyl-Lewis X mimetic drug, and the Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 also reduced TC-EC adhesion. To examine the in vivo relevance of these findings, tumorigenic cells were injected into the tail vein of immunodeficient mice followed by total body irradiation (TBI). The data obtained show that TBI dramatically enhances tumor cell extravasation and lung metastasis. This pro-metastatic radiation effect was blocked by pre-treating mice with lovastatin, glycyrrhizic acid or NSC23766. TBI of mice prior to tumor cell transplantation also stimulated metastasis, which was again blocked by lovastatin. The data point to a pro-metastatic trans-effect of RT, which likely rests on the endothelial radiation response promoting the extravasation of circulating tumor cells. Administration of the widely used lipid-lowering drug lovastatin prior to irradiation counteracts this process, likely by suppressing Rac1-regulated E-selectin expression following irradiation. The data support the concern that radiation exposure might increase the extravasation of circulating tumor cells and recommend co-administration of lipid-lowering drugs to avoid this adverse effect of ionizing radiation.
format	article
author	Melanie Hamalukic Johannes Huelsenbeck Arno Schad Stefan Wirtz Bernd Kaina Gerhard Fritz
author_facet	Melanie Hamalukic Johannes Huelsenbeck Arno Schad Stefan Wirtz Bernd Kaina Gerhard Fritz
author_sort	Melanie Hamalukic
title	Rac1-regulated endothelial radiation response stimulates extravasation and metastasis that can be blocked by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
title_short	Rac1-regulated endothelial radiation response stimulates extravasation and metastasis that can be blocked by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
title_full	Rac1-regulated endothelial radiation response stimulates extravasation and metastasis that can be blocked by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
title_fullStr	Rac1-regulated endothelial radiation response stimulates extravasation and metastasis that can be blocked by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
title_full_unstemmed	Rac1-regulated endothelial radiation response stimulates extravasation and metastasis that can be blocked by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
title_sort	rac1-regulated endothelial radiation response stimulates extravasation and metastasis that can be blocked by hmg-coa reductase inhibitors.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2011
url	https://doaj.org/article/c2e52461860349a28e44f53b3579f5a2
work_keys_str_mv	AT melaniehamalukic rac1regulatedendothelialradiationresponsestimulatesextravasationandmetastasisthatcanbeblockedbyhmgcoareductaseinhibitors AT johanneshuelsenbeck rac1regulatedendothelialradiationresponsestimulatesextravasationandmetastasisthatcanbeblockedbyhmgcoareductaseinhibitors AT arnoschad rac1regulatedendothelialradiationresponsestimulatesextravasationandmetastasisthatcanbeblockedbyhmgcoareductaseinhibitors AT stefanwirtz rac1regulatedendothelialradiationresponsestimulatesextravasationandmetastasisthatcanbeblockedbyhmgcoareductaseinhibitors AT berndkaina rac1regulatedendothelialradiationresponsestimulatesextravasationandmetastasisthatcanbeblockedbyhmgcoareductaseinhibitors AT gerhardfritz rac1regulatedendothelialradiationresponsestimulatesextravasationandmetastasisthatcanbeblockedbyhmgcoareductaseinhibitors
_version_	1718423248876601344

Rac1-regulated endothelial radiation response stimulates extravasation and metastasis that can be blocked by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.

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