Charging effect induced by electron beam irradiation: a review

Charging effect frequently occurs when characterizing nonconductive materials using electrons as probes and/or signals and can impede the acquisition of useful information about the material under investigation. It is not adequate to investigate it merely by experiments, but theoretical investigatio...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Z.J. Ding, Chao Li, Bo Da, Jiangwei Liu
Format: article
Language:EN
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2021
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doaj.org/article/d5e4576848694b0ca005da694be3755f
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