Hypoxia: The Cornerstone of Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain tumor in adults and is characterized by the presence of hypervascularization and necrosis, both caused by a hypoxic microenvironment. In this review, we highlight that hypoxia-induced factor 1 (HIF-1), the main factor activated by hypoxia, is an impo...

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Autores principales:	Marta Domènech, Ainhoa Hernández, Andrea Plaja, Eva Martínez-Balibrea, Carmen Balañà
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	glioblastoma hypoxia HIF-1 HIF-1 inhibitors Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d74eba75d08d4042af97cc5a900b3566
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d74eba75d08d4042af97cc5a900b35662021-11-25T17:58:18ZHypoxia: The Cornerstone of Glioblastoma10.3390/ijms2222126081422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/d74eba75d08d4042af97cc5a900b35662021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12608https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain tumor in adults and is characterized by the presence of hypervascularization and necrosis, both caused by a hypoxic microenvironment. In this review, we highlight that hypoxia-induced factor 1 (HIF-1), the main factor activated by hypoxia, is an important driver of tumor progression in GB patients. HIF-1α is a transcription factor regulated by the presence or absence of O<sub>2</sub>. The expression of HIF-1 has been related to high-grade gliomas and aggressive tumor behavior. HIF-1 promotes tumor progression via the activation of angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and metabolic reprogramming, promoting cell invasion and survival. Moreover, in GB, HIF-1 is not solely modulated by oxygen but also by oncogenic signaling pathways, such as MAPK/ERK, p53, and PI3K/PTEN. Therefore, the inhibition of the hypoxia pathway could represent an important treatment alternative in a disease with very few therapy options. Here, we review the roles of HIF-1 in GB progression and the inhibitors that have been studied thus far, with the aim of shedding light on this devastating disease.Marta DomènechAinhoa HernándezAndrea PlajaEva Martínez-BalibreaCarmen BalañàMDPI AGarticleglioblastomahypoxiaHIF-1HIF-1 inhibitorsBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 12608, p 12608 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	glioblastoma hypoxia HIF-1 HIF-1 inhibitors Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	glioblastoma hypoxia HIF-1 HIF-1 inhibitors Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Marta Domènech Ainhoa Hernández Andrea Plaja Eva Martínez-Balibrea Carmen Balañà Hypoxia: The Cornerstone of Glioblastoma
description	Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain tumor in adults and is characterized by the presence of hypervascularization and necrosis, both caused by a hypoxic microenvironment. In this review, we highlight that hypoxia-induced factor 1 (HIF-1), the main factor activated by hypoxia, is an important driver of tumor progression in GB patients. HIF-1α is a transcription factor regulated by the presence or absence of O<sub>2</sub>. The expression of HIF-1 has been related to high-grade gliomas and aggressive tumor behavior. HIF-1 promotes tumor progression via the activation of angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and metabolic reprogramming, promoting cell invasion and survival. Moreover, in GB, HIF-1 is not solely modulated by oxygen but also by oncogenic signaling pathways, such as MAPK/ERK, p53, and PI3K/PTEN. Therefore, the inhibition of the hypoxia pathway could represent an important treatment alternative in a disease with very few therapy options. Here, we review the roles of HIF-1 in GB progression and the inhibitors that have been studied thus far, with the aim of shedding light on this devastating disease.
format	article
author	Marta Domènech Ainhoa Hernández Andrea Plaja Eva Martínez-Balibrea Carmen Balañà
author_facet	Marta Domènech Ainhoa Hernández Andrea Plaja Eva Martínez-Balibrea Carmen Balañà
author_sort	Marta Domènech
title	Hypoxia: The Cornerstone of Glioblastoma
title_short	Hypoxia: The Cornerstone of Glioblastoma
title_full	Hypoxia: The Cornerstone of Glioblastoma
title_fullStr	Hypoxia: The Cornerstone of Glioblastoma
title_full_unstemmed	Hypoxia: The Cornerstone of Glioblastoma
title_sort	hypoxia: the cornerstone of glioblastoma
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d74eba75d08d4042af97cc5a900b3566
work_keys_str_mv	AT martadomenech hypoxiathecornerstoneofglioblastoma AT ainhoahernandez hypoxiathecornerstoneofglioblastoma AT andreaplaja hypoxiathecornerstoneofglioblastoma AT evamartinezbalibrea hypoxiathecornerstoneofglioblastoma AT carmenbalana hypoxiathecornerstoneofglioblastoma
_version_	1718411834993672192

Hypoxia: The Cornerstone of Glioblastoma

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