Control of cacao (Theobroma cacao) diseases in Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador

Introduction. Ecuador occupies the fourth place in cocoa exports with 293,487 tons per year, produced on 559,617 hectares. However, its yield per hectare is low mainly due to the presence of pathogens that affect the pods. Objective. To evaluates different methods of control of pathogens of the The...

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Autores principales:	Vicente Anzules-Toala, Elvis Pazmiño-Bonilla, Leonel Alvarado-Huamán, Ricardo Borjas-Ventura, Viviana Castro-Cepero, Alberto Julca-Otiniano
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	ES
Publicado:	Universidad de Costa Rica 2021
Materias:	Moniliophthora roreri Phytophothora Bacillus subtilis Pyraclostrobin cherelle wilt Agriculture S
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ddfe730dc4c94f66ab2374e2af620434
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ddfe730dc4c94f66ab2374e2af6204342021-12-01T01:34:45ZControl of cacao (Theobroma cacao) diseases in Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador10.15517/am.v33i1.459391021-74442215-3608https://doaj.org/article/ddfe730dc4c94f66ab2374e2af6204342021-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/agromeso/article/view/45939https://doaj.org/toc/1021-7444https://doaj.org/toc/2215-3608 Introduction. Ecuador occupies the fourth place in cocoa exports with 293,487 tons per year, produced on 559,617 hectares. However, its yield per hectare is low mainly due to the presence of pathogens that affect the pods. Objective. To evaluates different methods of control of pathogens of the Theobroma cacao cv ‘CCN-51’ pod. Materials and methods. The work was carried out in Luz de America, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador, between 2016 and 2017. The treatments were the result of the combination of cultural practices + two fungicides (Chlorothalonil and Pyraclostrobin) + one biofungicide Serenade® (Bacillus subtilis QST713), with and without fertilizers. In total, 16 treatments were evaluated with 3 replicates or blocks, installed in a commercial cocoa plantation cv ‘CCN-51’ and under a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Results. The use of fungicides (chemical and biological), decreased the incidence of moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri), black pod rot (Phytophthora spp.), and cherelle wilt; but the application of fertilizers did not increase the effectiveness of these products. Treatment with only cultural practices did not decrease the final incidence of moniliasis, nor of brown rot, in contrast, the final incidence of cherelle wilt increased. The number of pods and the yield were not directly related and the highest yield of fermented and dry cocoa, corresponded to T9 [Cultural labors + Serenade® (0.2 kg ha-1) (every 15 days) + Fertilizer (0.3 kg ha-1) + Fertilizer (1 kg plant-1)], a treatment that also had the highest net income per hectare. Conclusion. Chemical and biological control can manage cocoa pods pathogens. The integration of both control methods allowed the cocoa producer to obtain greater income. Vicente Anzules-ToalaElvis Pazmiño-BonillaLeonel Alvarado-HuamánRicardo Borjas-VenturaViviana Castro-CeperoAlberto Julca-OtinianoUniversidad de Costa RicaarticleMoniliophthora roreriPhytophothoraBacillus subtilisPyraclostrobincherelle wiltAgricultureSESAgronomía Mesoamericana, Vol 33, Iss 1 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	ES
topic	Moniliophthora roreri Phytophothora Bacillus subtilis Pyraclostrobin cherelle wilt Agriculture S
spellingShingle	Moniliophthora roreri Phytophothora Bacillus subtilis Pyraclostrobin cherelle wilt Agriculture S Vicente Anzules-Toala Elvis Pazmiño-Bonilla Leonel Alvarado-Huamán Ricardo Borjas-Ventura Viviana Castro-Cepero Alberto Julca-Otiniano Control of cacao (Theobroma cacao) diseases in Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador
description	Introduction. Ecuador occupies the fourth place in cocoa exports with 293,487 tons per year, produced on 559,617 hectares. However, its yield per hectare is low mainly due to the presence of pathogens that affect the pods. Objective. To evaluates different methods of control of pathogens of the Theobroma cacao cv ‘CCN-51’ pod. Materials and methods. The work was carried out in Luz de America, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador, between 2016 and 2017. The treatments were the result of the combination of cultural practices + two fungicides (Chlorothalonil and Pyraclostrobin) + one biofungicide Serenade® (Bacillus subtilis QST713), with and without fertilizers. In total, 16 treatments were evaluated with 3 replicates or blocks, installed in a commercial cocoa plantation cv ‘CCN-51’ and under a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Results. The use of fungicides (chemical and biological), decreased the incidence of moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri), black pod rot (Phytophthora spp.), and cherelle wilt; but the application of fertilizers did not increase the effectiveness of these products. Treatment with only cultural practices did not decrease the final incidence of moniliasis, nor of brown rot, in contrast, the final incidence of cherelle wilt increased. The number of pods and the yield were not directly related and the highest yield of fermented and dry cocoa, corresponded to T9 [Cultural labors + Serenade® (0.2 kg ha-1) (every 15 days) + Fertilizer (0.3 kg ha-1) + Fertilizer (1 kg plant-1)], a treatment that also had the highest net income per hectare. Conclusion. Chemical and biological control can manage cocoa pods pathogens. The integration of both control methods allowed the cocoa producer to obtain greater income.
format	article
author	Vicente Anzules-Toala Elvis Pazmiño-Bonilla Leonel Alvarado-Huamán Ricardo Borjas-Ventura Viviana Castro-Cepero Alberto Julca-Otiniano
author_facet	Vicente Anzules-Toala Elvis Pazmiño-Bonilla Leonel Alvarado-Huamán Ricardo Borjas-Ventura Viviana Castro-Cepero Alberto Julca-Otiniano
author_sort	Vicente Anzules-Toala
title	Control of cacao (Theobroma cacao) diseases in Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador
title_short	Control of cacao (Theobroma cacao) diseases in Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador
title_full	Control of cacao (Theobroma cacao) diseases in Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador
title_fullStr	Control of cacao (Theobroma cacao) diseases in Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador
title_full_unstemmed	Control of cacao (Theobroma cacao) diseases in Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador
title_sort	control of cacao (theobroma cacao) diseases in santo domingo de los tsachilas, ecuador
publisher	Universidad de Costa Rica
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ddfe730dc4c94f66ab2374e2af620434
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Control of cacao (Theobroma cacao) diseases in Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Ecuador

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