Phytochemical Profile, α-Glucosidase, and α-Amylase Inhibition Potential and Toxicity Evaluation of Extracts from Citrus aurantium (L) Peel, a Valuable By-Product from Northeastern Morocco

Due to the high volume of peel produced, Citrus by-product processing could be a significant source of phenolic compounds, in addition to essential oil. Citrus fruit residues, which are usually dumped as waste in the environment, could be used as a source of nut...

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Autores principales:	Ouijdane Benayad, Mohamed Bouhrim, Salima Tiji, Loubna Kharchoufa, Mohamed Addi, Samantha Drouet, Christophe Hano, Jose Manuel Lorenzo, Hasnae Bendaha, Mohamed Bnouham, Mostafa Mimouni
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Citrus aurantium</i> peel by-product sequential extraction bioactive phytochemicals α-glucosidase α-amylase Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ef2e976576344bcb91e3679c4e8c1f1d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ef2e976576344bcb91e3679c4e8c1f1d2021-11-25T16:51:46ZPhytochemical Profile, α-Glucosidase, and α-Amylase Inhibition Potential and Toxicity Evaluation of Extracts from <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (L) Peel, a Valuable By-Product from Northeastern Morocco10.3390/biom111115552218-273Xhttps://doaj.org/article/ef2e976576344bcb91e3679c4e8c1f1d2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/11/1555https://doaj.org/toc/2218-273XDue to the high volume of peel produced, <i>Citrus</i> by-product processing could be a significant source of phenolic compounds, in addition to essential oil. <i>Citrus</i> fruit residues, which are usually dumped as waste in the environment, could be used as a source of nutraceuticals. <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (L), also known as sour or bitter orange, is a member of the Rutaceae family and is the result of interspecific hybridization between <i>Citrus reticulata</i> and <i>Citrus maxima</i>. The purpose of this study is to chemically and biologically evaluate the peel of <i>C. aurantium</i>, which is considered a solid waste destined for abandonment. To achieve more complete extraction of the phytochemicals, we used a sequential extraction process with Soxhlet using the increasing polarity of solvents (i.e., cyclohexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and ethanol–water mixture). Essential oil (EO) from the <i>Citrus</i> peel, which was present at 1.12%, was also prepared by hydrodistillation for comparison. Various phytochemical assays were used to determine the qualitative chemical composition, which was subsequently characterized using GC-MS and HPLC-DAD. The inhibitory effects of <i>C. aurantium</i> peel extract on two enzymes, intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase, were measured in vitro to determine their potential hypoglycemic and antidiabetic actions. Each extract had a significantly different phytochemical composition. According to GC-MS analyses, which allow the identification of 19 compounds, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-limonene is the most abundant compound in both EO and cyclohexane extract, at 35.17% and 36.15% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>). This comparison with hydrodistillation shows the value of the sequential process in extracting this valuable terpene in large quantities while also allowing for the subsequent extraction of other bioactive substances. On the contrary, linoleic acid is abundant (54.35% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>)) in ethyl acetate extract (EAE) with a lower amount of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-limonene. HPLC-DAD analysis allows the identification of 11 phytochemicals, with naringenin being the most abundant flavanone, detected in acetone extract (ACE) (23.94% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>)), ethanol–water extract mixture (EWE) (28.71% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>)), and chloroform extract (CFE) (30.20% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>)). Several extracts significantly inhibited α-amylase and/or α-glycosidase in vitro. At a dose of 332 g/mL, ACE, CFE, and EWE inhibited the two enzymes by approximately 98%. There were strong significant correlations between naringenin and α-glucosidase inhibition and between gallic acid and α-amylase inhibition. Molecular docking experiments further verified this. Finally, oral administration of <i>C. aurantium</i> extracts at a dose of 2000 mg/kg did not cause any effect on mice mortality or signs of acute toxicity, indicating that it is non-toxic at these doses. These findings suggest that <i>C. aurantium</i> peels could be a valuable by-product by providing a rich source of non-toxic phytoconstituents, particularly those with potential antidiabetic action that needs to be confirmed in vivo.Ouijdane BenayadMohamed BouhrimSalima TijiLoubna KharchoufaMohamed AddiSamantha DrouetChristophe HanoJose Manuel LorenzoHasnae BendahaMohamed BnouhamMostafa MimouniMDPI AGarticle<i>Citrus aurantium</i> peelby-productsequential extractionbioactive phytochemicalsα-glucosidaseα-amylaseMicrobiologyQR1-502ENBiomolecules, Vol 11, Iss 1555, p 1555 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Citrus aurantium</i> peel by-product sequential extraction bioactive phytochemicals α-glucosidase α-amylase Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	<i>Citrus aurantium</i> peel by-product sequential extraction bioactive phytochemicals α-glucosidase α-amylase Microbiology QR1-502 Ouijdane Benayad Mohamed Bouhrim Salima Tiji Loubna Kharchoufa Mohamed Addi Samantha Drouet Christophe Hano Jose Manuel Lorenzo Hasnae Bendaha Mohamed Bnouham Mostafa Mimouni Phytochemical Profile, α-Glucosidase, and α-Amylase Inhibition Potential and Toxicity Evaluation of Extracts from <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (L) Peel, a Valuable By-Product from Northeastern Morocco
description	Due to the high volume of peel produced, <i>Citrus</i> by-product processing could be a significant source of phenolic compounds, in addition to essential oil. <i>Citrus</i> fruit residues, which are usually dumped as waste in the environment, could be used as a source of nutraceuticals. <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (L), also known as sour or bitter orange, is a member of the Rutaceae family and is the result of interspecific hybridization between <i>Citrus reticulata</i> and <i>Citrus maxima</i>. The purpose of this study is to chemically and biologically evaluate the peel of <i>C. aurantium</i>, which is considered a solid waste destined for abandonment. To achieve more complete extraction of the phytochemicals, we used a sequential extraction process with Soxhlet using the increasing polarity of solvents (i.e., cyclohexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and ethanol–water mixture). Essential oil (EO) from the <i>Citrus</i> peel, which was present at 1.12%, was also prepared by hydrodistillation for comparison. Various phytochemical assays were used to determine the qualitative chemical composition, which was subsequently characterized using GC-MS and HPLC-DAD. The inhibitory effects of <i>C. aurantium</i> peel extract on two enzymes, intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase, were measured in vitro to determine their potential hypoglycemic and antidiabetic actions. Each extract had a significantly different phytochemical composition. According to GC-MS analyses, which allow the identification of 19 compounds, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-limonene is the most abundant compound in both EO and cyclohexane extract, at 35.17% and 36.15% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>). This comparison with hydrodistillation shows the value of the sequential process in extracting this valuable terpene in large quantities while also allowing for the subsequent extraction of other bioactive substances. On the contrary, linoleic acid is abundant (54.35% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>)) in ethyl acetate extract (EAE) with a lower amount of <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-limonene. HPLC-DAD analysis allows the identification of 11 phytochemicals, with naringenin being the most abundant flavanone, detected in acetone extract (ACE) (23.94% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>)), ethanol–water extract mixture (EWE) (28.71% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>)), and chloroform extract (CFE) (30.20% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>)). Several extracts significantly inhibited α-amylase and/or α-glycosidase in vitro. At a dose of 332 g/mL, ACE, CFE, and EWE inhibited the two enzymes by approximately 98%. There were strong significant correlations between naringenin and α-glucosidase inhibition and between gallic acid and α-amylase inhibition. Molecular docking experiments further verified this. Finally, oral administration of <i>C. aurantium</i> extracts at a dose of 2000 mg/kg did not cause any effect on mice mortality or signs of acute toxicity, indicating that it is non-toxic at these doses. These findings suggest that <i>C. aurantium</i> peels could be a valuable by-product by providing a rich source of non-toxic phytoconstituents, particularly those with potential antidiabetic action that needs to be confirmed in vivo.
format	article
author	Ouijdane Benayad Mohamed Bouhrim Salima Tiji Loubna Kharchoufa Mohamed Addi Samantha Drouet Christophe Hano Jose Manuel Lorenzo Hasnae Bendaha Mohamed Bnouham Mostafa Mimouni
author_facet	Ouijdane Benayad Mohamed Bouhrim Salima Tiji Loubna Kharchoufa Mohamed Addi Samantha Drouet Christophe Hano Jose Manuel Lorenzo Hasnae Bendaha Mohamed Bnouham Mostafa Mimouni
author_sort	Ouijdane Benayad
title	Phytochemical Profile, α-Glucosidase, and α-Amylase Inhibition Potential and Toxicity Evaluation of Extracts from <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (L) Peel, a Valuable By-Product from Northeastern Morocco
title_short	Phytochemical Profile, α-Glucosidase, and α-Amylase Inhibition Potential and Toxicity Evaluation of Extracts from <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (L) Peel, a Valuable By-Product from Northeastern Morocco
title_full	Phytochemical Profile, α-Glucosidase, and α-Amylase Inhibition Potential and Toxicity Evaluation of Extracts from <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (L) Peel, a Valuable By-Product from Northeastern Morocco
title_fullStr	Phytochemical Profile, α-Glucosidase, and α-Amylase Inhibition Potential and Toxicity Evaluation of Extracts from <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (L) Peel, a Valuable By-Product from Northeastern Morocco
title_full_unstemmed	Phytochemical Profile, α-Glucosidase, and α-Amylase Inhibition Potential and Toxicity Evaluation of Extracts from <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (L) Peel, a Valuable By-Product from Northeastern Morocco
title_sort	phytochemical profile, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibition potential and toxicity evaluation of extracts from <i>citrus aurantium</i> (l) peel, a valuable by-product from northeastern morocco
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ef2e976576344bcb91e3679c4e8c1f1d
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Phytochemical Profile, α-Glucosidase, and α-Amylase Inhibition Potential and Toxicity Evaluation of Extracts from <i>Citrus aurantium</i> (L) Peel, a Valuable By-Product from Northeastern Morocco

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