Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of N-Acetyl-l-Cysteine, Rhamnolipids, and Usnic Acid—Novel Approaches to Fight Food-Borne Pathogens

In the food industry, the increasing antimicrobial resistance of food-borne pathogens to conventional sanitizers poses the risk of food contamination and a decrease in product quality and safety. Therefore, we explored alternative antimicrobials N-Acetyl<span style="font-v...

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Autores principales:	Ondrej Chlumsky, Heidi J. Smith, Albert E. Parker, Kristen Brileya, James N. Wilking, Sabina Purkrtova, Hana Michova, Pavel Ulbrich, Jitka Viktorova, Katerina Demnerova
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>N</i>-Acetyl-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-cysteine rhamnolipids usnic acid bacterial growth biofilm antimicrobial efficacy Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/f48d3c44c40e45e6bb5e208d495fdd3a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:f48d3c44c40e45e6bb5e208d495fdd3a2021-11-11T16:48:05ZEvaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of <i>N</i>-Acetyl-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Cysteine, Rhamnolipids, and Usnic Acid—Novel Approaches to Fight Food-Borne Pathogens10.3390/ijms2221113071422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/f48d3c44c40e45e6bb5e208d495fdd3a2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11307https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067In the food industry, the increasing antimicrobial resistance of food-borne pathogens to conventional sanitizers poses the risk of food contamination and a decrease in product quality and safety. Therefore, we explored alternative antimicrobials <i>N</i>-Acetyl<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">-l-</span>cysteine (NAC), rhamnolipids (RLs), and usnic acid (UA) as a novel approach to prevent biofilm formation and reduce existing biofilms formed by important food-borne pathogens (three strains of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> and two strains of <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>). Their effectiveness was evaluated by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations needed for inhibition of bacterial growth, biofilm formation, metabolic activity, and biofilm reduction. Transmission electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy followed by image analysis were used to visualize and quantify the impact of tested substances on both planktonic and biofilm-associated cells. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the substances was determined as a half-maximal inhibitory concentration in five different cell lines. The results indicate relatively low cytotoxic effects of NAC in comparison to RLs and UA. In addition, NAC inhibited bacterial growth for all strains, while RLs showed overall lower inhibition and UA inhibited only the growth of Gram-positive bacteria. Even though tested substances did not remove the biofilms, NAC represents a promising tool in biofilm prevention.Ondrej ChlumskyHeidi J. SmithAlbert E. ParkerKristen BrileyaJames N. WilkingSabina PurkrtovaHana MichovaPavel UlbrichJitka ViktorovaKaterina DemnerovaMDPI AGarticle<i>N</i>-Acetyl-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-cysteinerhamnolipidsusnic acidbacterial growthbiofilmantimicrobial efficacyBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 11307, p 11307 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>N</i>-Acetyl-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-cysteine rhamnolipids usnic acid bacterial growth biofilm antimicrobial efficacy Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	<i>N</i>-Acetyl-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-cysteine rhamnolipids usnic acid bacterial growth biofilm antimicrobial efficacy Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Ondrej Chlumsky Heidi J. Smith Albert E. Parker Kristen Brileya James N. Wilking Sabina Purkrtova Hana Michova Pavel Ulbrich Jitka Viktorova Katerina Demnerova Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of <i>N</i>-Acetyl-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Cysteine, Rhamnolipids, and Usnic Acid—Novel Approaches to Fight Food-Borne Pathogens
description	In the food industry, the increasing antimicrobial resistance of food-borne pathogens to conventional sanitizers poses the risk of food contamination and a decrease in product quality and safety. Therefore, we explored alternative antimicrobials <i>N</i>-Acetyl<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">-l-</span>cysteine (NAC), rhamnolipids (RLs), and usnic acid (UA) as a novel approach to prevent biofilm formation and reduce existing biofilms formed by important food-borne pathogens (three strains of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> and two strains of <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>). Their effectiveness was evaluated by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations needed for inhibition of bacterial growth, biofilm formation, metabolic activity, and biofilm reduction. Transmission electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy followed by image analysis were used to visualize and quantify the impact of tested substances on both planktonic and biofilm-associated cells. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the substances was determined as a half-maximal inhibitory concentration in five different cell lines. The results indicate relatively low cytotoxic effects of NAC in comparison to RLs and UA. In addition, NAC inhibited bacterial growth for all strains, while RLs showed overall lower inhibition and UA inhibited only the growth of Gram-positive bacteria. Even though tested substances did not remove the biofilms, NAC represents a promising tool in biofilm prevention.
format	article
author	Ondrej Chlumsky Heidi J. Smith Albert E. Parker Kristen Brileya James N. Wilking Sabina Purkrtova Hana Michova Pavel Ulbrich Jitka Viktorova Katerina Demnerova
author_facet	Ondrej Chlumsky Heidi J. Smith Albert E. Parker Kristen Brileya James N. Wilking Sabina Purkrtova Hana Michova Pavel Ulbrich Jitka Viktorova Katerina Demnerova
author_sort	Ondrej Chlumsky
title	Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of <i>N</i>-Acetyl-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Cysteine, Rhamnolipids, and Usnic Acid—Novel Approaches to Fight Food-Borne Pathogens
title_short	Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of <i>N</i>-Acetyl-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Cysteine, Rhamnolipids, and Usnic Acid—Novel Approaches to Fight Food-Borne Pathogens
title_full	Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of <i>N</i>-Acetyl-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Cysteine, Rhamnolipids, and Usnic Acid—Novel Approaches to Fight Food-Borne Pathogens
title_fullStr	Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of <i>N</i>-Acetyl-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Cysteine, Rhamnolipids, and Usnic Acid—Novel Approaches to Fight Food-Borne Pathogens
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of <i>N</i>-Acetyl-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Cysteine, Rhamnolipids, and Usnic Acid—Novel Approaches to Fight Food-Borne Pathogens
title_sort	evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of <i>n</i>-acetyl-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-cysteine, rhamnolipids, and usnic acid—novel approaches to fight food-borne pathogens
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/f48d3c44c40e45e6bb5e208d495fdd3a
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Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of <i>N</i>-Acetyl-<span style="font-variant: small-caps">l</span>-Cysteine, Rhamnolipids, and Usnic Acid—Novel Approaches to Fight Food-Borne Pathogens

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